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| 5451 | This paper presents some aspects of the history of teacher education in Russia 1906–1917’s. It shows main activities of the Ministry of national education in teacher training in terms of universal primary education. Keywords: history of pedagogical education, teachers seminaries, teachers institutes, teacher training courses | 859 | |||||
| 5452 | The following inverse problem is discussed. A static electromagnetic field generated by a limited system of charges and currents is supposed to be known with its first derivatives at a point somewhere far from the system. This allows to reconstruct the position of the system, its net charge, and the electric and magnetic moments of the system. Keywords: inverse problem, electromagnetic field, dipole moment, charge | 859 | |||||
| 5453 | Important role for making a safe childhood plays the process of teaching preschool children to safe behavior, fostering a culture of safety. Preschool is a sensitive period for the formation of personality traits that allow a child in the future actively and safely interact with nature and people. Adaptation Programme “My Safety in the World” for preschool institutions helps children to learn about the dangers athome and in transport, in the city and in the natural surroundings, the dangers arising from the people. Skills and behavior in dangerous emergencies. Teaching safe behavior occurs during different activities: games, research, fine art, music, work, sports, during the regime moments. It helps the child to study the means and ways of development of safety culture, to be active and independent. As a result, there are preschooler basic skills of safe behavior during the earthquake, fire, chemical contamination, they learns to respect nature, themselves and others. As a result of the development of the program children’s interest in the study of the world and observations increased, the perception intensified, the attention increased, the level of cognitive processes rose. Children learned to communicate with each other, to provide the necessary assistance, to interact effectively and participate actively in joint activities. The program was attended by teachers, psychologists, health workers, parents. Keywords: security preschooler, education in the spheres of safety, culture of safety | 859 | |||||
| 5454 | The article presents the results of research of materials from the dwelling on an excavation No. 9 of a complex of archaeological monuments of Toropovo-7 located in the valley of an average current of the river Kasma in the territory of Kuznetsk basin. Provides the description and the characteristic of materials of excavation of the dwelling which according to the constructive features is interpreted as a semi-dugout. The search of similar materials on Toropovo-7 is carried out, in the valley of the river Kasma and in Kuznetsk basin and the comparative analysis of these material sources is carried out. The studied dwelling is dated from the period of the developed Middle Ages (the XI–XIV centuries) and is among the objects of the shandinsky archaeological culture identified with the culture of Turkicspeaking nomads cattle-farmers of East Desht-i-Kypchak. Keywords: Kuznetsk basin, Toropovo-7, the developed Middle Ages, nomads, excavation, dwelling, ceramic vessel, bone product, zooarchaelogical assemblage | 859 | |||||
| 5455 | The article explores the artistic symbolization in the F. M. Dostoevsky's novel “Crime and Punishment”. The short analysis of the historical background, consideration of historical and cultural types of symbolism, differentiation of symbolism “natural” and symbolism “spiritual” forms theoretical base of research. Spiritual symbolism as a basis of art thinking of the writer for the first time appears in the novel “Crime and punishment”. An example of representation of spiritual symbolism in the novel is Pulсheriya Alexandrovna Raskolnikova's image polemic pointed by the writer in relation to anthropological ideas of Fr. Schiller. In the conclusion the article says about the typological connection between the characters of the novel in the context of spiritual symbolism. Keywords: spiritual symbolism, natural symbolism, parable, anthropology, Schiller, Dostoyevsky, Pulcheria Alexandrovna, image, idea of self-will | 859 | |||||
| 5456 | In the twentieth century the literature for children creates its own tradition of using of crocodile image. Korney Chukovskiy pioneered the use of this image. His version of the character has become very well known, researchers have linked it with the manifestation of the spirit of St. Petersburg. In the second half of the century, the authors repeatedly use the image of crocodile. It makes sense to refer literary works that explore this type, such as a book by K. A. Bogdanov “About crocodiles in Russia. Sketches from the history of borrowing and exoticisms” (2006). This animalistic exoticism reflects the intention of poetry to express the absurd, paradoxicalness. The latest Siberian literature for children also uses this exotic image. We explore texts of poems by several autors of contemporary Siberian poetry for children such as Bergelson, Sirotin, Eroshin, Olear in order to illustrate changes in the mythology of crocodile, and in the deployment of this icon. Conflict of friend-or-foe is developing in the regional literature. Rare animal loses its naturalistic features. In poems this monster is able to evolve constantly. This paper presents the typology of the different animalistic signs, describes the process of image formation. It is an attempt to develop a theoretical basis for the perception of this image. The study concludes that the image of crocodile expresses many symbolic meanings of particularly convincing way, with preservation of artistic and emotional integrity. Keywords: contemporary poetry for children, Siberian poetry, animist traditions, image of crocodile | 859 | |||||
| 5457 | Discusses the actual problem of preparation of teachers of economic disciplines for different levels of education in the transition to an innovation economy. One of the problems requiring an early solution, is the low financial literacy of the population, and, as a consequence, low economic activity of wide layers of the population in investment, lack of development of small and medium-sized businesses. On the basis of international experience formulated the main directions of development of the educational process: internationalization and greater availability of education, vocational training, advanced training. As the basis of new educational technologies is considered an intensive use and further development of information and communication resources that allows you to integrate into the world educational system. The basis for the implementation of new educational technologies is the creation of information-communication space. Currently, each higher education institution has its own Internet portal, which provides access to information resources. Electronic libraries, distance education, information about educational programs, all this is generally available to students and teachers. For further development of this process with the necessary technical and human resources, professional development of teachers. This decision can be used to involve students, undergraduates and graduate students to participate in the educational process. Creation of electronic textbooks, test development, participating in the creation of educational-methodical complexes on different disciplines broaden horizons and practical skills in the preparation of future classroom teachers required at the present level. Keywords: economic education, distance learning, information technology | 859 | |||||
| 5458 | Introduction. The article describes the semantic model of auditory perception of “irreality”, represented in the text of the novel by Victor Pelevin. Modeling of perception processes is one of the parameters of the artistic text considered in the analysis of its communicative and semantic structure. Images based on sensory sensations are a key component of the artistic picture of the author’s world. Material and methods. The study of the semantics of perceptivity on the material of postmodern texts is directly connected with the problem of “reality/irreality” of the described events, objects, phenomena in the artistic space of the text, which makes the research topic relevant, and includes the research in the scientific context. Results and discussion. The description of irreal events presupposes a change (deformation) of the invariant perception model, primarily related to the “strengthening” of the role of the object of perception. Particular attention is paid to the “mismatch” of the perceptual and mental modes. “Uncertainty”, “blurring”, “strangeness” of objects of perception, caused by the impossibility of visual activity and the altered state of the character’s consciousness, are actualized. Description of the unusual perceptual experience of characters indicates that in the situation of unavailability (absence) of the visual channel of perception, auditory perception allows to model a “picture” that exists only in the altered consciousness of one or another character of the narrative. Linguistic analysis of the fragments of the text showed that “irreality” becomes one of the objects of comprehension and creative reflection of the author of the novel. To represent the situation of unusual auditory perception, a wide range of language means is used (indefinite pronouns, comparative constructions, indefinitepersonal and impersonal one-member sentences, complex sentences with complement clauses and correspondences, etc.). In some cases, the subject of perception realizes that the events observed are of an irreal nature and tries to find their analogue in the familiar world (relying on their auditory sensations). This leads to the emergence of various analogies and comparisons in the text of the novel. The conclusion emphasizes that due to transpositional transfers (vision – hearing), the perceptual component is “strengthened” and the artistic space of the work is “expanded”. Keywords: irreality, auditory perception, sound, semantic model | 859 | |||||
| 5459 | Introduction. The paper focuses on the main term formation processes in the Russian language based on the field of oil and oil products desulfurization. Such features of the studied filed as low exploration degree and absence of term pattern bring this study up-to-date. Taking into account that the removal of sulfur improves the quality of oil and its derivatives, desulfurisation of crude oil and oil products is a strategic pathway not only for Russia, but also for other countries that extract and refine oil. A more complete understanding of the term formation processes has a positive impact on the development of the Russian language scientific worldview, and also enhances the professional qualities of Russian translators. Aim and objectives. The aim of current paper is to regulate selected terms of the previously unexplored oil and oil products desulfurization field according to the principle of term formation. This research is useful not only for specialists in this field, but also for translators working in the chosen sphere. Material and methods. The material for research is The Basic Terms in Oil and Gas Processing: A Brief Reference Book by G. Tarakanov and Transformations of Sulfur Compounds and Aromatic Hydrocarbons of Oils Diesel Fractions in the Processes of Oxidative Desulfurization by E. Krivtsov. Resuls and discussion. Basic word formation processes of the national Russian language, terminologization, and transterminization are widely-used at the level of the original vocabulary in the studied terminology sphere. The term formation with the adaptation of foreign language inclusions also occurs at the same level. The formation of terms based on the method of calquing belongs to the junction of the borrowed and original vocabulary. The Russian language is able to transcribe foreign terms, and its alphabetic system determines its ability to transliteration. Conclusion. Term formation processes in the Russian terminology of the “Desulphurization of oils and oil products” sphere on the basis of original vocabulary is more motivated than on the basis of borrowed. However, in the studied term system, there is a high tendency to adapt foreign-language inclusions, mainly Greek and Latin, which is caused by the medieval tradition to assign chemical elements names in Latin. Keywords: term formation, Russian language terminology, oil and oil products desulfurization, native vocabaluray, borrowed vocabulary, way of term formation | 859 | |||||
| 5460 | The paper studies the transformation of cluster flow position of the innovation process at different stages of its development. Innovative process is divided into two main stages: creation of a cluster and cluster functioning. The first stage includes three main stages and is connected with process of creation of a cluster by association of its key participants, definition of strategic activities on the basis of the analysis of functioning of the region and formation of resource base and infrastructure elements. The second stage includes creation, introduction and distribution of innovations, has cyclic character. Keywords: innovative process, region development, cluster | 858 | |||||
| 5461 | The author claims that globalization is a modern transit, the essential features of which are the transformation of the life-world of the individual and the formation of a new value-normative consensus through designation of globalization projects. There was carried out the analysis of the designation of the basic ideas of the US-European project of globalization: united Europe as a unified Europe; return to Europe Eastern Europe; liberal Europe, the US and the EU – the world's leaders. The analysis revealed the absence of value-normative consensus in the EU about the liberal values and, therefore, to overcome the crisis it is necessary to change the value of the liberal basis and the corresponding designation of the project. Keywords: designation, globalization, globalization project, transit, liberal values | 858 | |||||
| 5462 | The term “the national character of the literary creation” is in the base of our research showing how the language material can reflect peculiar features of a certain culture. Language and culture meet each other with the help of a concept. Usually an interpreter translates only a conceptual component, as a rule ignoring an associative-cultural one. In our work we reveal lexemes which reflect national concepts of Little Russia and analyze English translation of them. On the basis of Little Russian songs from the stories “The fair of Sorochinetz” and “A night in May or drowned maiden” we are revealing lexemes which reflect national Little Russian concepts, which are given in the texts of songs as ethnographic and political realia and analyzing a specific character of their translation into English. Keywords: national character, concept, non-equivalent lexicon, realia, denotative meaning, significative meaning, connotation, songs of Little Russia | 858 | |||||
| 5463 | The phenomenon of “educational metaspace” is considered in the context of the anthropological approach. The concept of “subjectivity” is interpreted as a conscious and active attitude.We prove the necessity of technologized work of the teacher in the educational metaspace through certain forms and methods of joint activities focused on the needs of the modern educational situation. Description of the experimental part of the work is a design of educational metaspace and it is constructed in the logic of humanitarian research. Design of metaspace based on the category of “problem”, which is understood as a method of detecting and fixing the lack of thought means to achieve this goal. The algorithm of work with a problem is presented in several stages. Each stage corresponds to a specific form of work of joint activities. Design of metaspace is based on a particular subject material. This material became the novel M. A. Bulgakov's “Master and Margarita”. The basis of the educational project was the film P. Weir's “Dead Poets Society”. The project is seen as project actions of each participant. Keywords: educational metaspace, subjectivity, anthropological approach, the joint activities, humanitarian research | 858 | |||||
| 5464 | The article considers individual aspect of time perception. Firstly, a brief theoretical review of problem studies goes. Depending on mood and activity, personal time proceeds either quickly or slowly and it can be either pleasant or not. Positive emotions bring a deceptive impression of a fast flow of time. Negative emotions, on the contrary, subjectively lengthen the time intervals. The practical part examines around 30 modern English set expressions denoting time as perceived by a person. The conclusion says that the perception of time as short/long or pleasant/unpleasant is expressed in speech through fixed collocations used by authors of modern fiction. Short time is described in dictionary English set expressions as “fun” and “it flies”. Long time “hangs heavily on one’s hands.” Unpleasant time is “bad, hard, dark, evil, rough, thin, lean and it is not one’s own. Pleasant time is “good, easy, the best of one’s life, the time of one’s life, high and there’s a lot of it”. Pleasant time “has its moments, it is one’s finest hour and it makes one’s day”. Fiction authors’ creative thinking depicts bad time as “poor, awful, dreadful, horrible, terrible, very uncomfortable, devil of a time and hell of a bloody time”. Pleasant time is “nice, lovely, great, excellent, delightful, smashing, terrific, fantastic, marvelous, riotous, and dead good”. The considered aspect of a writer’s individual style of personal, timerelated vocabulary is worth further research. Keywords: idiom, set expression, subjective time, personal time, perception of time described by language units, English fiction, literary text | 858 | |||||
| 5465 | The article provides a typology of borrowed Gallic words within the contemporary literary German language based on a grid of criteria allowing a most holistic description of the symptomatic phenomena inside the borrowed Gallic stratum: 1) on the lexical-semantic criterion, 2) on the assimilation specificity, 3) on the way of borrowing, 4) on the method of derivation and 5) composition. For the first time such typological phenomena as re-borrowing, reverse borrowing and formal-structural accommodation, as well as former pseudo-Francization, are interpreted. Typology refers to the structural-systematic features of the studied lexical stratum. The selection of types of borrowed Gallicisms in the modern German literary language involves a number of theoretical and methodological difficulties. This is due to the volatility of the proposed taxonomic criteria, on the one hand, and difficulties in determining the status of borrowing, in particular, in the matter of delimiting it from the concept of a “foreign language”, on the other. The typology of Gallic borrowings functioning within the German literary idiom is of great importance for synchronous codification practices and general lexicography. Appeal to the issues of assimilation (adaptation) of this vocabulary segment of the German literary idiom is inevitable due to the multidimensionality and multilevel processes of integrating the Gallic heritage into the system of the German literary language. The historical unevenness of assimilation determines the existence of only synchronous taxonomic set that testifiesto the dynamism of the studied processes in the canvas of the historical development of the German literary language. Keywords: borrowing, Gallicisms, contemporary literary German language, typology, criteria | 858 | |||||
| 5466 | The paper presents the comparative analysis of French, Russian and English figurative vocabulary representing archetypically essential foods – honey, milk and butter. Figurative vocabulary is a valuable source of data connected with national mentality; it reflects material and spiritual culture in the language. The investigation of figurative expressions containing different linguistic units which represent foods is relevant due to the fact that food, being an element of national culture, is connected in the greatest degree with peoples’ perception of their national characteristic features. Figurative expressions containing such linguistic units as ‘honey’, ‘milk’ and ‘bread’ have been analyzed as these elements are frequently used in French, Russian and English figurative expressions. Milk and honey are equally significant foods for the Russians and French people, consequently, figurative meanings represented by these linguistic units are similar in both cultures. Milk symbolizes health, youth; it is also a source of enjoyment and pleasure in the English and French cultures. The linguocultural analysis of French figurative expressions was supplemented by the examination of their realizations in different types of discourse and compared to equivalent expressions in the Russian and English languages. The most vivid examples are provided with contexts from different types of discourse. The complex analysis of French expressions containing the unit “beurre” has shown that one and the same expression can have not only different but also antonymic figurative meanings which have opposite connotations. Thus, the results have shown that the complex analysis should be carried out in three aspects: linguocultural, comparative and discourse ones. Keywords: figurative expressions, figurative vocabulary, figurative meanings, foods, linguocultural analysis, discourse analysis, French, Russian, English | 858 | |||||
| 5467 | Modern Russian education is characterized by the adoption of tutors into general education organizations. It is established that these specialists rarely turn to the practice of supporting a professional identity of schoolchildren, are not ready to carry out this process. The concept of the tutor’s readiness to support the professional identity of schoolchildren is defined. This is a complex personal and professional description of a tutor which includes the awareness of importance of the supporting professional identity of schoolchildren, an interested mood in the creative use of the theory of tutoring in the practice of career guidance work with students, the presence of reflexive abilities that allow timely making adequate decisions in the process of constructing and implementing an individual way of choosing the future profession by tutors. A criterial evaluation system has been developed. It offers a level characterization of the components of the readiness of tutors (motivational, activity, analytical) to support the professional identity of schoolchildren. Based on the analysis of the literature, the expediency of using the powerful resources of intracorporate training for the development of this quality is justified. The system of intracorporate training is simulated, the program of which three meaningful lines are proposed: the legal framework for tutoring; psychological foundations of professional identity of schoolchildren as an object of tutoring; effective technologies of tutoring support of professional identity of schoolchildren. The description of the activity methods of work to improve the professionalism of tutors within the framework of intracorporate training is given. The findings of the authoritative study are presented, demonstrating the need for the development of readiness of tutors to support the professional identity of schoolchildren. The results of the control experiment are interpreted that allow one to assess the impact of internal training on positive changes in all components of tutors’ readiness to support schoolchildren in choosing their future profession. Keywords: tutors, professional identity of schoolchildren, tutors support, tutors’ readiness to support a professional identity of schoolchildren, criteria of preparedness formation, intracorporate training of teachers | 858 | |||||
| 5468 | Introduction. English literary language is a historically heterogeneous structure, which includes various borrowed adstrata, more or less adapted by its system. Borrowings of Chinese origin as part of this recipient language have their own deep historical traditions and are the subject of this study. The synchronously functioning layer of borrowed Sinisms seems to be very heterogeneous in terms of assimilation, its levels and stages. Because the contacting languages – English and Chinese – are not related or even homologous, the process of assimilation by the system of elements of the Chinese adstratum is non-linear and has a number of characteristic features. This article is an attempt to fragment the process of assimilation/adaptation of Chinese borrowings in the system of English literary language by levels of assimilation and its stages. The aim of the paper is to distinguish the levels and stages of adaptation of borrowed lexical units of Chinese origin by the English literary system. Material and methods. As a general methodological foundation, a system-functional approach was used, which allows us to describe the functioning of a system or its individual part in the dynamics of linguistic evolution, an integral part of which is the phenomenon of borrowing. In the course of the study, a corpus of general and particular scientific (linguistic) methods was used, including: methods of logic (analysis, synthesis, deduction, comparison, generalization and modeling), statistics (grouping method, dialectic method), a comparative historical method with the step of internal reconstruction, component analysis method and the opposition method. Results and discussion. In linguistics, the terms “assimilation” and “adaptation” are traditionally contrasted: borrowings “assimilate” in the system of the recipient language, and the system itself adopts borrowed units. There are two approaches to the description of the process of assimilation/adaptation of these units: the first recognizes a borrowing adapted when it corresponds to the phonetic and grammatical appearance of the original words of the recipient language system. The second approach takes into account the influence of the lexical environment of the new foreign language unit. Thus, the approaches implicitly repeat the above opposition and differ in object-subjective position in relation to the borrowed unit and the system of the recipient language. Five three levels of assimilation of Chinese borrowings in the system of English literary language are distinguished: phonetic, morphological (grammatical) and spelling. The latter seems to be the most significant for the adapting Sinisms due to their highly heterogeneous graphic appearance. There are five stages in the adaptation of these units by the English literary language system: 1) the use of the unit in the form that it possesses in its donor language; 2) adaptation of borrowing to the laws to which the lexical means of the recipient language obey at the above levels; 3) loss by a unit of accompanying comments as applied to lemmatical corpuses of dictionaries and reference publications of the recipient language; 4) loss by borrowing of the previous stylistic differentiation; 5) consolidation of the borrowed lexical unit in the explanatory dictionary. Conclusion. The proposed stages and extrapolated approaches can find application in the practice of studying the Chinese adstratum in a number of other idioms that have historically been in contact with the Chinese language, as well as adstrata of a different origin in systems of unrelated languages. The empirical material of the study has high theoretical and practical value and can be used in reading university courses and teaching such disciplines as intercultural communication, history, lexicology, grammar and functional stylistics of the English language, contact and social linguistics, as well as in teaching the theory and practice of translation. Keywords: borrowing, assimilation, adaptation, recipient language, donor language, English literary language, Chinese borrowing | 858 | |||||
| 5469 | Introduction. The appeal to the study of childhood in V. Nabokov’s novel is argued by a number of factors: historical and cultural changes at the beginning of the 20th century, attention to the phenomenon of childhood in humanitarian knowledge, and the significance of childhood in the aesthetics of modernism. Despite the fact that the topic of childhood has repeatedly become the subject of Nabokov’s analysis, it was not considered as part of the sociocultural space in the novel “Gift” (“Dar”). The purpose of the work is to explore the social and cultural features that describe the space of the formation of the personality of the characters; to determine the features of childhood as part of the socio-cultural space of V. Nabokov’s novel “Gift” (“Dar”). Material and methods. The study is based on the material of the novel “Gift” (“Dar”). The theoretical and methodological base of the research is composed of the sociological works of P. Sorokin, his works on the semiotics of the creative space of Y.M. Lotman, E. Farino, Nabokov’s studies of Yu. Levin. Results and discussion. The central character Fyodor Godunov-Cherdyntsev is the subject of understanding childhood as a special socio-cultural space in the novel. He recreates a number of signs (a description of the toys, a specific location of the Godunov mansion in St. Petersburg, a description of the interior of the estate in Leshino, a characteristic of the social relationship of the family, etc.), which make it possible to get an idea of a “successful childhood”. The image of his childhood is fitted by the novice poet into the manor and St. Petersburg’s style of Russian literature and through the association of his nanny with Arina Rodionovna, the spiritual relationship of the Godunov clan with Pushkin is established. The uniqueness of the socio-cultural space of Fyodor’s childhood is in the stereoscopic volume, the fullness of existence, ensured by the inclusion of the Godunov’s family in the natural universe, science, and elite culture. The social well-being of the Godunov-Cherdyntsev’s family is interpreted by Nabokov not like someone’s giving this privilege, but as genuine (internal) aristocracy, which is ensured by internal strength of mind, the ability to fulfill oneself in various fields: social and political (Fyodor’s Grandfather), scientific (Father Konstantin Kirillovich), creative (Fyodor). In contrast to his own childhood, Fyodor describes the childhood of the “great sixties” N. G. Chernyshevsky (Godunov’s best toys and clothes are contrasted with Nicolya’s “trousers”/“nankov’s trousers; Fyodor’s attentiveness and vigilance are contrasted with Nicolas’s shortsightedness; Godunov-Cherdyntsev’s physical dexterity is opposed to Chernyshevsky’s clumsiness, etc.). Finally, the continuity of the views and values of the father by the son in the noble family and the refusal to follow in the footsteps of the father in the family history of the son of the priest, the revolutionary fellow of Chernyshevsky are emphasized. Conclusion. Contrary to the prevailing opinion about Nabokov as a writer who is alien to social issue, the analysis allows us to state that the socio-cultural code is a significant method of revealing the ideological and thematic originality of the novel “Gift” (“Dar”). The socio-cultural space of childhood turns out to be the determining factor for all subsequent life. The socio-cultural space in Nabokov’s novels can be considered in a number of ways: intra-family and clan relations; social and personal status (the question of the correspondence of the inner world of a person to the assumed social role); the relationship of social conditions of existence with education, upbringing, cultural and personal self-determination of a person. Nabokov disputes the idea of aristocrats as people who are afraid of hard physical work and divorced from real life. On the contrary, he contrasts the “short-sightedness” of materialist-raider Chernyshevsky, who knows neither life, nor art, nor native nature, with comprehensive enlightenment and adaptability to life in the most diverse conditions of the Godunov-Cherdyntsevs (grandfather Kirill Ilyich and Fedor in exile, father - in expeditions). Social well-being is interpreted by Nabokov not as a self-worthy good, but as a basis for the freedom of personal and cultural selfdetermination. Keywords: Nabokov, “Gift” (“Dar”), literature of the Russian foreign countries, socio-cultural space, childhood | 858 | |||||
| 5470 | The article provides the comparative analysis of colour terms in different genres of Old French literature (heroic epos, lyric poetry of the age of chivalry, urban epos). Keywords: colour naming, genre, Old French | 857 | |||||
| 5471 | The article analyses the peculiarities of modern rural schools, contributing to the formation on their basis of network interactions. Keywords: rural school, development of education, network interaction | 857 | |||||
| 5472 | The article describes in detail the construction of econometric regression models for Tomsk and Bremen, as well as provides results of the comparative characteristics of the study and comparison of the performance. On the basis of projections of characteristic values are given recommendations on models. Keywords: gray revolution, welfare of pensioners, lifespan, pension, pensioners with disabilities | 857 | |||||
| 5473 | The article attempts to determine the methodological approach to the study of literary constants in the framework of the interdisciplinary research on the border of cognitive linguistics and literary criticism. Literature is considered as one of the types of mental activity of a person, obeying the same laws as the other types of mental activity. It is believed that the textual study in the context of modern anthropocentric trends of Humanities should be displayed on the mental level. Therefore, we should conduct research with the involvement of the methodology of cognitive poetics. The unit of text analysis in this case is the artistic concept, which allows to track the process of formation of individual author's conceptosphere represented in the text. It is stated that there is the difference between an “artistic concept” and “сultural concept”, “conceptual art” and “artistic image” because the same artistic concept can receive representation through various images. Creation of a common terminology and a clear delineation of related concepts helps us to avoid mixing of methods and techniques of research, the receipt of erroneous conclusions. Due to concept as a literary category still is not fully understood, we believe that the development of methodology in conceptual analysis of literary constants is one of the primary tasks of modern philology. Keywords: literary constants, cognitive literary criticism, concept, artistic concept, artistic image | 857 | |||||
| 5474 | The functions of a mythological type of artistic convention and the ways of its developing in the novels “Scaffold” by Ch. Aitmatov and “Christ landed in Grodno” by V. Korotkevich are revealed in the given article. The research has been based on the comparative and typological levels that gains currency for determination of literary interconnections. The writers presented relate the logic of their creative works to biblical plots and refer to mythological convention. It helps to exceed the limits of the method of social realism in the last third of the XXth century and extends the philosophical, moral and ethical subject matters of the novels. Mythological convention in the novels studied can be considered as one of the characteristics of postrealism. Keywords: artistic convention, mythological type of convention, comparative and typological analysis, literary interconnections, biblical motives, mythological figurativeness, neomythologism, postrealism | 857 | |||||
| 5475 | The solution to the current extending Universe problem, and the description of all stages of evolution compels scientists to consider various cosmological models. We combine two different approaches to the description of dark energy: modified gravity theory and introduction of the additional fields. We investigate the accelerating and decelerating cosmological models with non-linear spinor fields and non-minimal interaction of gravity with a scalar field. Scalar - tensor models are rather simple and also allow us to clearly define the separate stages of evolution. We explained the role of scalar and spinor potentials for emergence of accelerating or decelerating cosmology. Keywords: cosmological model, non-minimally interactions, scalar field, spinor field | 857 | |||||
| 5476 | The article considers the aspects of study and linguistic status of professional sublanguages and distinguishes their varieties depending on fields of their use and degree of professional insularity; there has been given a specification of their forms, styles, and marking units; there has been carried out an analysis of the upper terminological register of professional sublanguages. The article goes into identification of functional semiotic and structural inhomogeneity of “the upper register” of their vocabulary, the terminological lexicon (terms, terminonyms, prototerms, terminoids, preterms, and determs) based on the specific material of present-day professional, trade, and consubstantial languages, There have been identified key problems and objectives of professional sublanguages studies and terminologies of the Russian language from the point of terminology studies, sociolinguistics and language for specific purposes theory (LSP linguistics). Keywords: professional sublanguage, term, term system, terminology degree, aspects of the professional languages studies | 857 | |||||
| 5477 | The article discusses prospects of using the method of tandem leaning in Master courses of a multidisciplinary university. The conventional concept of tandem learning is broadened and it does not necessary apply to leaning foreign languages by means of intercommunication between two speakers of different languages. The author argues that in a multidisciplinary university a tandem can include Master students of various specializations. The article provides a reflection on a tandem learning experience when organizing Master of Linguistics students’ internship. In one case the second party of the tandem was Master of Engineering students, while in another case the second party of a tandem was students of an additional qualification program “Translator in the sphere of professional communication”. The two-year successful experience has proved the efficiency of using the method of tandem learning in a multidisciplinary university. Keywords: foreign language, Master courses, multidisciplinary university, internship, tandem learning | 857 | |||||
| 5478 | The article is devoted to the problem of the formation of a headmaster’s humanitarian culture. The purpose of the article is to reveal the intrinsic components of this phenomenon and to show the manifestations of humanitarian culture through the formation processes of a person’s spirituality. The author discloses spirituality through the poliparadigmatic approach in science, defines the pedagogical essence of spirituality, considers its formation as a process of self-building and personal growth. The article states that the humanitarian culture of a headmaster is a necessary factor for forming spiritual environment of school. At the same time the personality of headmaster is considered to be capable of spiritual enrichment and self-development and is a carrier of special spirituality and of pedagogical mentality - intelligence. Intelligence, as a quality of the personality, can be developed if spiritual and moral values need self-development, and high humanitarian culture become the inner regulators of a headmaster. The research shows that the pedagogical community imposes high requirements to spiritual and moral personal qualities of a head, such as decency, nobility, conscientiousness, justice, high spirituality and culture. The examples of two innovative schools of the Amur Region (Gymnasium №1 in Tynda and Secondary school №1 in Arkhara) have shown how the humanitarian culture of a headmaster influences the spiritual environment of a school. According to the author, this environment will be as such if upbringing is based on spiritual and moral values, spiritual unity of a school, professional activity of the “spiritual mentors” which are capable to awake souls of their pupils and a headmaster as a well-educated person. Keywords: humanitarian culture of a headmaster, spiritual environment of school, spirituality, intelligence of the personality, personality of a headmaster, spiritually-moral values, poliparadigmatic approach | 857 | |||||
| 5479 | The ways of expressing comparison in the works of Yuri Polyakov are considered. The authors define the morphological and syntactic features of similes and their functions in an artistic text. Similes, accomplished with the help of conjunctions as, like, as if, as well as the other means of connection are allocated. Among them are the special forms of nouns (genitive and instrumental case), other parts of speech (prepositions, adjectives, participles, adverbs). The most frequent in the works of Y. Polyakov are comparative constructions with such lexical means as a preposition as, an adverb like, an adjective similar to, a participle resembling, having likeness. The author’s favorite form of expression of comparison, as our observations show, is predicative units, representing different types of subordinate compound sentences. In the novel of Y. Polyakov, there are constructions with a comparison in the predicative center with a predicative-noun, which is the rarest in fictional texts. A specific way of expressing the phenomenon under consideration in the work of Y. Polyakov is a description of situations based on comparison. In content the vast majority of Yuri Polyakov’s comparisons have a distinct individual character, they are unusual, original and thus picturesquely presented an individual author’s picture of the writer’s mindset, involve the reader in the world of the artist of the word. Keywords: figurative simile, comparative construction, comparative subordinate predicative clauses, simile, literary text | 857 | |||||
| 5480 | Despite the disposition of the theater of the absurd for linguistic minimalism, the plays of the British theater of the absurd possess a great phonographic potential due to the generic features of the dramatic text. The article explains the paradoxical ability of the dramatic text to transfer performer’s phonostylistic means through the author’s remarks, special syntactic constructions and graphic tools. The identified phonostylistic and graphic means in the absurdist plays by Samuel Beckett, Harold Pinter and Tom Stoppard do not only help to convey the authors’ ideas, but also conform to the philosophy of the absurd. The most represented means is the instrumentation based on different sound repetitions (alliteration, consonance, rhyme) with the use of sound symbolism. The phonographic analysis of the texts also revealed some cases of onomatopoeia and paronomasia. Rhythm has a special stylistic meaning in the drama. It is inherent in both theatrical actions and speech, which is reflected in the dramatic text. The article considers the ways of creating a specific slow, monotonous rhythm peculiar to the theater of the absurd with its idea of cyclical existence. The described examples confirm the stylistic markedness of the plays of the theater of the absurd which can be an object of further research in linguistics and stylistics. Keywords: theater of the absurd, dramatic text, phonostylistics, graphic language means, instrumentation, sound symbolism, rhythm | 857 | |||||
| 5481 | Introduction. In modern linguistic science, there has recently been a tendency of typical language-specific study in which euphonia is defined as a typical linguistic characteristic of a literary text. This article discusses the specific properties of words found in fairy tales, and their sound character, which is associated with the phonetic and stylistic features of folklore. The paper comprehensively reviews the functional and rhythmic characteristics of euphony in fairy tales and confirms the specific details of the emotional, artistic and functional impact strategies. The paper is mainly devoted to the study of euphonia in Russian folk tales.And thus, it can confirm the rhythm and melody of the narrative in the development of fairy tales and find that alliteration and resonance are typical expressions of folk tales. As a conventional phonological form, euphony, with a unique study of language style, links authors, fairy tale texts and listeners. This expression of trinity is well shown in the folk tales. Material and methods. The empirical base of the study is 623 titles of Russian folktales collected by A. N. Afanasyev in three volumes. The following research techniques and methods were implemented in the study: a descriptive method, observation and generalization, an interpretative approach; systematization and classification; functional, comparative and statistical analysis. Results and discussion. The results of this work confirm that Russian folk tales are characterized by a diverse euphony as a special and typical repetition of sounds and rhythmic organization, embodying a certain purposeful author’s intention. In the tales of A. N. Afanasyev, the main phonetic expressive means and artistic rhythmic methods are used, the purpose of which is to create euphony – alliteration and assonance. A similar euphony is noted in the beginnings, endings, to represent the development of the plot of the tale. A specific feature of the use of these tools and methods is that they are all closely related, complement, reinforce each other, and effectively contribute to the implementation of the author’s artistic design. Conclusion. Eventually, the author draws the following conclusion that, when using phonetic rhymes, the expressive power in fairy tale, especially the expressiveness at the beginning and ending, can be achieved not only through the use of phonetics and stylistic, but also through the use of rhythmic artistic expression of the author’s descriptions in words, phrases, and paragraphs. The use of alliteration and assonance in Russian folk tales can enhance the imagery and expressiveness of speech, create a favorable sound musical and harmonious effect and allow readers to present the poetic picture of the tale as much as possible. Keywords: Russian folk tales, euphony, alliteration, resonance | 857 | |||||
| 5482 | The contents of carbon in mire waters changes from 53 before 92.5 mg/l with extreme parameters 27.8–145 mg/l. Mathematical model of carrying out materials is designed for surfaces of watershed basin. The calculations show that long-time average carrying out of carbon with watershed basin at different years forms 4.3–12.8 g/(m2 year), including carbon in humic and fulvic forms, carrying out of which reaches vegetation period 98 % from the general of carbon carrying out at certain months. Keywords: carbon, peat moss bogs, geomorphological profile, carrying out, humic material, chemical composition, mire water, balance, stand; bear, modeling | 856 | |||||
| 5483 | The article addresses the problem of multiple negation in eastern, Vach and Vasjugan, dialects of Khanty and Southern dialects of Selkup. The article is based on the typology of multiple negation according to which four types of multiple negation can be pointed out: double negation, weakening negation, negative concord and emphatic negation. In the beginning of the article the information on theory of common and multiple negation is given. Also some peculiar theoretical moments such as negative polarity items and etymological duplets are discussed. Then, consequently, for each language, different markers and strategies of negation are discussed: common negation, imperative negation, existential negation, negation at pronouns and adverbs, negative modal verbs, morphological negation, negation under the influence of Russian. On this basis, different strategies of singular and multiple negation were revealed. At the end of the article the comparison of these strategies in two languages and conclusion takes place. In the languages under discussion, in the sphere of negation, some systemic changes took place connected with the influence of dominating Russian language. Different negation markers were loaned from Russian and adapted to the common use of native speakers. Keywords: endangered Siberian languages, multiple negation, typology | 856 | |||||
| 5484 | The article considers the relationship between children’s experience, the type of attachment and self-attitudes of women with children of younger adolescence. Describes the types of affection of women-mothers. Considers the differences in the life experiences of children of women with different type of attachment. Identified the percentage of women with different types of attachment. Describes the relationship of child life experience of women, the type of attachment and self-attitude. There was found interconnection between the completeness of the family now, type of attachment, self-attitudes and various children’s life experience. Types of attachment: autonomous-secure 62 %; dismissing 12 %; preoccupied 26 %. Preoccupied type of affection of women has a negative correlation with the number of positive self-descriptions. Dismissing type of attachment has only a negative correlation with the fullness of the family in childhood, the fullness of the family now, the relationship with his mother and father in childhood. Keywords: attachment, type of attachment, the self-attitudes of women as mothers | 856 | |||||
| 5485 | The article considers the possibility of using the heuristic method of experiment in linguistics, based on the testimony of informants of linguistic consciousness. On the example of the linguistic experiment carried-out by the author on material of the poem of M. I. Tsvetaeva “Safe and sound!” with participation of more than 60 informants of different age and occupation is clearly demonstrated the potential of this method in studying of the effect of the deceived expectation as regulatory dominant of the poem, significant for cognitive activity of readers. The author consistently described the stages of which the linguistic experiment consisted, proposed and analysed the data obtained in the form of answers of informants to the questions posed and the offered tasks, illustrating regulatory opportunities of the deceived expectation as the basic type of promotion in the general semantic expansion of the studied poetic text as communication forms. Keywords: experimental method, regulatory function of the text, regulatory capacity, regulatory dominant, deceived expectations | 856 | |||||
| 5486 | This article through the prism of the parameters analyzed sociolinguistic discursive characteristics of epistolarymedia language person, actualized in the sphere of electronic mass interaction. The material for the examination online at the moment is the petition addressed to the representatives of regional and state authorities, as a kind of epistolary texts electronic-social orientation. In the light of sociolinguistic approach online petitions are defined as belonging to the institutional type of discourse, and epistolary-media personality is parameterized in terms of its social status. It should be mentioned that the institutional discourse is more dependent on the conditions in which it is carried out: the aim, the communicants status characteristics, the degree and format of their participation in the discursive event, situational context, the constitutive features in general. For sociolinguistic characteristics of discursive properties of epistolary language of sociolinguistic identity there exist the following parameters: 1) the status-role characteristics of the sender; 2) тhe focus of the author's goal-setting; 3) the ideological and thematic content of the letters; 4) the type of epistolary text; 5) the type of destination; 6) the functional and stylistic features of the epistolary discourse; 7) the use of voice features, including stylistic means. Substantiates the existence of social dominance in the communicative behavior of this type of carrier, which is expressed in the awareness of personal and social identity, demonstrating active citizenship in addressing pressing social issues, ability to carry out communicative expedient and rhetorically organized interaction with different types of people (like-minded people, government officials, site moderator), openness of discursive manifestations. Keywords: epistolary, epistolary linguistic identity of the mass media communication, electronic epistolary text, online-petition, sociolinguistics, communicative style of the text, discourse analysis | 856 | |||||
| 5487 | Regularity in natural phenomena is considered as some kind of breathing of landscape environment. The causes of occurrence and duration of cycles are various. The geographical consequences of cycles are observed in climate changes, hydrology, geomorphology and soil genesis. The knowledge of laws of cycling, their origin, duration and importance for the environment is necessary for the prediction of geographical processes. Studying nature cycles in the school course of geography implies students’ integrated knowledge of Physics, Mathematics, Biology and History. The arrangement of cross-curricular events such as part of a lesson, lessons or extra-curricular activities encourage students to perceive phenomena and processes occurring in the nature and life of people in the integrated way. Keywords: cycles in nature, geographical consequences of cycling, integration of knowledge, Physical Geography at school | 856 | |||||
| 5488 | The article analyses the headlines based on metaphorical allusion to the content of political articles in the modern French Press. The aim of political discourse is to persuade the reader and to rouse him to some action. Allusion is considered to be an indirect speech act implicitly reflecting the gist of information, realized with the help of different linguistic means. The headline of the article contains main information about some event and is presented in the subtitle of newspaper article. In the full text of the article the headline is exposed to detail examination by the author. The headlines are classified in accordance with types of metaphors: “Anthropomorphous metaphor”, “Nature metaphor”, “Social metaphor”, “Artefact metaphor” and “Irreality metaphor” with their conceptual spheres. The metaphors are considered to be a reflection of political life, they give presentation about a character of State functioning and influence will, feelings and mentality of the reader. Keywords: allusion, metaphor, newspaper discourse, indirect speech act, concept, metaphorical expansion | 856 | |||||
| 5489 | The problems of definition of competitiveness of the firm and its goods on the market, the conditions of raising competitiveness of the enterprise are discussed in the article along with the methods of estimate competitiveness of the firm on the market. | 855 | |||||
| 5490 | In order to implement interactive teaching methods in the mathematical training of students examines the use of “fights” on the theory of probabilities. It is shown that compared with traditional forms of consideration and discussion of homework mathematical fights have several advantages: the emotional lift of participants, increased responsibility of each member of the team for the result, interest to complex tasks, the need for ongoing preparation for classes. Specific examples illustrate the progress of mathematical fights on the theme: “The classical definition of probability. Theorems of addition and multiplication of probabilities”. The variety of arising situations is demonstrated in terms of mathematical content and in terms of the psychology of the game. Keywords: interactive teaching methods, mathematical hight, probability theory | 855 | |||||
| 5491 | Development of the system of public service requires special attention to the problem of the morality of civil servants. Moral reliability and responsibility is a core of social and axiological potential of the civil servants. The effective instruments of development of moral culture of the civil servants are programs of additional professional education. The article submits the data of empirical researches of the author on the opportunities of additional professional education for realization of social and axiological potential of civil servants. The presented training program of civil servants “Ethics of public service” is modular in nature and in terms of methodology, based on the principle of polysubjectivity. Keywords: additional professional education, ethics of public service, moral culture of civil servants, responsibility, social and axiological potential, value orientations | 855 | |||||
| 5492 | The article gives the concept of creating a software system for virtual training for the application of avatar technology. It is argued that for successful training of students in the remote mode it is necessary to develop the system of knowledge evaluation, taking into account different features of learning and the individual characteristics of the student. Shows the block structure of a software system and its elements are discussed in correlation with the educational process. Discusses the role of the teacher in the virtual learning system and the algorithm of the learning process in this system, as iterative, where the unit of training and next testing are consistently connected. Keywords: system software, technology training, virtual training | 855 | |||||
| 5493 | The article points to research of language representation of a media communicative universal – a law of pragmatically and intentionally conditional variety of textual activity in interpretation of informational reason in mass media. Media communicative universal is defined by the author as a law and its realizing principles of textual organization, which reflect informational reason as an element of media communication and meet the criteria for frequency and repetition. Specific character of actualization of textual activity variety in interpretation of informational reason in mass media on the example of media text in the genre of news was revealed. Based on the news materials from the informational portal “Echo of Moscow” on the launch of intercontinental ballistic missile of DPRK on 28-th of November 2017 as an actual informational reason, the following principles concerning realization of such communicative universal were examined: 1) multivariety of world pictures of different native speakers and translators of information; 2) polyphony of dialogically conditional discursive practice connected with informational reason including change of communicative roles, tactics and strategies of subjects in the process of media communication; 3) social self-representation and creative self-actualization of sources and translators of informational reason in mass media. It was determined that in realization of the law of pragmatically and intentionally conditional variety of textual activity in interpretation of informational reason in mass media the connecting elements are repeated key words and markers of events, which became actual informational reason for interpretation in mass media: toponyms, anthroponyms, names of events, temporal vocabulary, dates, different actualization of space category. Variation in news texts is realized on the level of citation; means of subjective modality expression including social estimation; it’s revealed in actualization of sources of information; in degree of its concretization and peculiarities of different aspects of informational reason’s concentration. Keywords: media communicative universal, media discourse, media text, textual activity, news | 855 | |||||
| 5494 | This article is devoted to study of genesis of existential consciousness as philosophical and fiction phenomenon and methods of it representation in forms of text creation in F. M. Dostoevsky’s works. The analysis of prepotent, character formative psychophysiological features of writer’s personality allow discovering unique particular qualities of Dostoevsky’s existential consciousness (epileptic mentality constitution, “tunnel consciousness”, creative comprehension of “frontier situations”, thought paradoxicality, inhibition style, multilayer semantic of texts, “frontier genres”, existential dialogue and others). Keywords: existential consciousness, reflection, genesis, dialogue; creation method; genre | 854 | |||||
| 5495 | The article deals with the “Mode” concept in the cognition of the German ethnos as a component of its cognitive view of the world. With the help of experimental methods, and namely, the associative and receptive experiments, the description of the structure and content of this concept in relation to its language model that allows showing the model of the concept “Mode” in a dynamic context is given. Keywords: concept, fashion, cognitive view of the world, kernel, interpretation field, experimental methods, dynamic aspect | 854 | |||||
| 5496 | The article considers the program on ensuring rational use of the associated oil gas (AOG) in the fields of the oil and gas extraction enterprises. The developed program and the measures promoting increase of level of use of AOG, allow to increase economic development and to improve ecological situation of the region. On the basis of the proposed algorithm for the use of AOG a number of researches were carried out. As a result of which, have been calculated numerous technical and economic indicators, as well as in the study area, identified urgent scientific problems that require solutions. Keywords: Associated oil gas, utilization of associated oil gas, payback | 854 | |||||
| 5497 | The article describes a new experimental procedure for the preparation of personal, metasubject and subject results at computer science lessons in the process of group collaboration on technology tools web 2.0. Gives pedagogical conditions for the successful implementation of this technique. Selects a component activities affecting the receipt of personal, metasubject and subject results in the framework of such organization of educational cooperation. Formulates indicators for assessing the quality of students’ activity during group work based on web 2.0. In conclusion, the results of the experiment, confirming the receipt of the students personality, metasubject and subject results registered in the new federal educational standards. Keywords: Web 2.0, Internet technologies, cooperation of students, personality, subject and meta-subject results of teaching | 854 | |||||
| 5498 | The article focuses on the analysis of syntactic organization of epistolary texts from the perspective of regulativity theory, developed in the framework of the communicative style of the text – a new and promising direction of functional stylistics. Regulativity is understood as the ability to manage through the text the reader’s cognitive activity. The key thesis advocates judgment that the regulativity as a universal text-forming feature has specifics of its manifestation in the letters – the most relevant for the type of epistolary texts, due to the peculiarities of epistolary communication sphere. The factors determining the specificity of epistolary regulativity include: distance character of communication between the addresser and the addressee, bound by the written form of verbal contact, the special role of extralinguistic factors (аuthor of the target installation, the nature of the relationship communicants, thematic and situational context, genre form), informality and ease of dialogue, his lack of preparation, automatism, spontaneity. We should particularly mention the factor of polidiscursivity of epistolary. For the material served the private letters of the representatives of Russian creative intelligentzia of the ХХ century (M. V. Nesterov, F. I. Chaliapin, V. I. Vernadsky, M. I. Tsvetaeva, Yu. M. Lotman, V. S. Vysotsky, D. D. Shostakovich), characterized by the presence in their speech of the rich palette of regulatory assets and syntactic structures. This is largely due to the brightness of the personalities of the communicants, originality of idiostyle of each addressee and syncretic and stylistic properties of their letters. Among the most significant regulatory syntactic means include: simple, one-piece, incomplete, exclamatory and interrogative sentences, homogeneous terms, word order, and various forms of transfer of another’s speech. The list of assets of poetic syntax highlighted antithesis, oxymoron, comparison, graduation. Keywords: epistolary text, writing, Russian intellectuals, communicative style of the text, regulativity, syntactic text units | 854 | |||||
| 5499 | The article discusses the establishment and development of saving banks in the Yenisei province, their organization and activities in pre-revolutionary time. Historiography of savings business in Russia is quite extensive, but there are no summarizing research on the history of the savings system at the level of a particular region (including the Yenisei province). It characterizes of the Yenisei province from the position of socioeconomic development and justification of the importance of savings and credit partnerships for the region. It describes the role of the Yenisei Treasury Chamber as the primary state institution in the formation of the financial affairs of the region in the pre-revolutionary period. This period characterizes savings banks as a self-help facility for people, so that there was a process of increasing it’s network. Represents the influence of the State Bank on the socioeconomic status of the region and its role in the financial and credit system of the country. It reveals a special way of development of savings banks in the Yenisei province and changing the attitude of Siberians towards these types of institutions. Analyzes the evolution of the number of savings banks both on Russian and regional level, as a result it makes it possible to talk about the assessment of their development prospects. Keywords: savings banks, business savings, deposits, banking, financial transactions, Yenisei province | 854 | |||||
| 5500 | The article focuses on the polifunctional pronoun form gli and its patterns of use in the 16th-century Italian. In Old Italian, as a result of phonetic changes, this form became virtually universal, as it performed various subject, direct object and indirect object functions and co-occurred with other developments of the Lat. ille. In Modern Italian gli has several uses, but they are not stylistically equal: gli as the indirect object masculine singular pronoun is normative, gli as the indirect object plural form is colloquially marked, and gli as the indirect object feminine singular pronoun is regarded as a vulgarism. The 16th century, in a way, was a transition period when certain uses of gli that later became obsolete are only present in comic genres and in the writings by semiliterate authors. Another interesting feature is the growing discrepancy between the dialect of Florence and the codified norm. The reduction of superfluous uses of gli in the 16th-century Italian has not been dealt with specially before. The present piece of research aims at assessing the way the functions of gli were gradually being reduced and differentiated stylistically, which becomes evident when one confronts prose and verse writings belonging to different genres and to authors from different regions of Italy. Keywords: Italian language, history of Italian, personal pronouns, grammatical synonymy, language norm | 854 | |||||