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701 | Actual issues of the education statistics using for international comparative analysis are considered in this article. This is especially significant for Russia today, as the country have launched a wide-scale modernization of the education system. Thus the possibility «to check the course» against the world trends is especially topical. The main international comparative programmes descriptions and data sources for different national educational systems are given in this publication. It also presents the main necessary conditions that will lead to improvement of the international education data application and the quality of international comparisons. The main of them are: determination of correct average values for comparison with Russian indicators; national education programmes classification in line with International Standard Classification of Education; finance and economic indicators conversion to comparable ones with Purchasing Power Parities application. Keywords: international education statistics, world education indicators, countries grouping by development level of economics, Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs), International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) | 1415 | |||||
702 | Certain methodological methods of communication of up-to-date knowledge are being examined in the article. The author tried to clarify the notion of educational communication as an integral part of the educational system, as well as to highlight its structural and integrative aspects. A lot of attention is paid to the significance of applying the bilingual method of teaching in educational process. Keywords: educational communication, knowledge-gaining technique, knowledge- gaining culture, level of competence, functional competence, corporate competence, intellectual business. | 1415 | |||||
703 | In the article the linguistic analysis of the factual material, connected with the cult of mythic ancestors, i.e. gods, spirits, is presented. Reconstruction of the fragments of mythic worldview shows the way of formation of the Selkup world perception and its reflection in the language. The inner organization of the ethnos is based on cult objects. Tribal self-designations are connected with them. Keywords: mythic ancestor, intellectual culture, worldview, word morphemic structure | 1415 | |||||
704 | During the last ten years the development of demographic processes in Russia have been characterized by such tendencies as wide spreading of sexually transmitted diseases among teenagers, increasing adolescent pregnancy, out-of-wedlock chiidbirths and abortions. In this connection the investigation of the psychological mechanisms of adolescent reproductive behavior formation is actual and timely Present-day research methods, such as questionnaires and surveys, need to be reviewed. The obtained data will help in identifying directions of preventive and rehabilitative measures on the state level. In this article the importance of developing a genderrearing educational program for adolescents with the regard for ethnocultural traditions of our society is emphasized and possible trends of further investigation are marked. | 1414 | |||||
705 | This is an article about the analysis of color denominations in Gumilev’s lyric poetry connected with creative evolution of the poet. The author investigates the meaning of color vocabulary taking into consideration a famous division into periods of Gumilev’s works. The research has been done taking as a basis more than two thousand words denoted different color denominations revealed with the help of the method of solid excerpts from nine poet’s anthology. Keywords: color denominations, the poetic world’s picture, idiostyle | 1414 | |||||
706 | The article presents some theoretical and practical aspects of using the compe-tence approach in the innovation course «Developing aesthetics of art expressiveness» in elementary school. The author demonstrates some results of introduction of this course into practice. Keywords: competence, aesthetics competence, developing aesthetic, creative self-expression, art expressiveness | 1414 | |||||
707 | The article regards problems of teaching physics in the modern period and some methods of solving them. A questionnaire survey conducted among teachers has resulted in favourable opinions of the functioning of the developed systems. Keywords: teaching physics, teaching system, questionnaire survey | 1414 | |||||
708 | In the present article the key notions and categories of the communicative stylistics of the text are defined and systematized. On the basis of shem the peculiarities of the linguistic trend under studu are found out against the background of other stylistic studies (structural - typologi¬cal, functional - typological and functional - stylistic). | 1413 | |||||
709 | This article is a new addition to the hlstcry of Russian ancestral surnames in verbal legends of linguistic clans of Great Rus" tribes and is dedicated to the problems of evolution of professional names of Russian clans and totems, it explains the cause of origin of Koza (she-goat) and Kozei (he-goat) totems of linguistic Skaz clan in Rus' tribe as well; why it was required to keep ancestral memory and why jii days of old Russians said: «Who wii! recall bygons lose an eye and who will forget it will lose the both». | 1413 | |||||
710 | In this article the author considers the features of author’s pedagogical model of the formation of multicultural competence on the basis of system analysis of its elements, adapted to the conditions of teaching of foreign language at the Pedagogical University. Keywords: pedagogical model, competence approach, technology of foreign language acquisition, tolerant competence, formation of multicultural competence, model of the formation of multicultural competence, system approach, active means of the formation of multicul | 1413 | |||||
711 | In article are considered questions of the teaching to religions with standpoint culturology approach. They Are Shown possibility and advantage the phenomenology for teaching the theories and histories to religions. They Are Considered also main problems of the study to religions in rural school in social and cultural aspect Keywords: teaching in a rural school, religious studies, cultural studies, aphenomenological approach to religion | 1413 | |||||
712 | In the given article the Russian bank associations and the unions are considered, the purposes and problems of their activity, the role for national economy are in detail studied. The received results specify in a considerable role of bank associations and the unions both for regions, and for Russia as a whole. They represent itself as defenders of banks, intermediaries between the government, the Central bank, foreign countries and innovators. Keywords: Bank association, the bank union, the credit organization, the Сentral bank, economy, a role | 1413 | |||||
713 | The article is connected with one of the main problems of methodology of forming intercultural competence in teaching Russian language to foreign students-philologists – working out principles of selecting teaching texts. With the help of the analysis of common factors, that affect functioning of all pedagogical systems, we have worked out and systematized 8 particular principles of selecting teaching texts for forming intercultural competence. Basing on the general factor of “taking the teaching goals into account” we have put forward the principles of the communicative, intercultural, educational, informative and the developing value of the text. Basing on the general factor of “taking the teaching conditions into account” we have worked out principle of “the correspondence of the text with the profile of higher education for foreign students”. Basing on the factor of “taking into account the characteristics of students” we have put forward principle of the correspondence of the text with the students’ language level and principle of taking the native culture of foreign students into consideration. In the article we also described 12 criteria, which allow implementing these principles in the process of selection of educational texts. According to the principles and the criteria, it was confirmed that, Russian texts for children’s reading, which are regarded as an important means of popular pedagogy, can be used as teaching material. The system of the principles and criteria is presented in the form of a table. Keywords: Russian as a foreign language, intercultural competence, principles of selecting texts, texts for children’s reading, national education | 1413 | |||||
714 | In the article the role of natural sciences in formation of value reference points of youth in a learning process is pointed. For implementation of such approach the ideas of the world famous modern scientists E. Fromm, D. Bom, A. Maslou, B. Gershunsky and also author's own concept will be used. The teachers of natural sciences disciplines of high schools and secondary schools can use the conclusions of the given article. | 1412 | |||||
715 | This article is dedicated to the problem of status determination of the word classes that fulfill the function of the actant attribute in the Finnish, Hungarian, Udmurt, Komi and Mordvinian languages. The problem of determination of this class of words consists in the absence of their own categories, they always borrow these categories either from the nouns as in case of the Finnish language or they remain invariable as in case of the Hungarian, Udmurt, Komi and Mordvinian languages and then the difficulty emerges to distinguish, for example, the actant attribute and the predicate attribute. These facts do not allow us saying, as traditionally, about the independent part of speech – adjectives, only about the group of wordforms, formed of roots of quality meanings and united by the function of expressing of the attribute. | 1412 | |||||
716 | - | 1412 | |||||
717 | The life «inspector’s situation» described by N. V. Gogol as a “display” of personages2 superficial professionalrolе personality-“mask” which hides an evident inclination for self-assertion in any way is investigated. The psychological meaning of the main personages Khlestakov and governor of a town is considered. The psychological portrait of personages oriented to self-assertion and therefore raised themselves is represented. Keywords: life situation, «inspector’s situation», personality, social role, respect for rank, self-assertion | 1412 | |||||
718 | The article considers the аksiologichesky aspect of the development of the activity of modern 1–3 year-students at University. The theoretical substantiation of the problems of values and valuable orientations in the development of person’s activity is presented. The results of experimental research of values and their interrelation with the selfrelation of modern students are also described here. Keywords: values and valuable orientations, activity, self-relation, self-development | 1412 | |||||
719 | The article is devoted to the problem of such social phenomenon as orphanhood. It deals with different cultures and the developed approaches to the decision of the given problem to different historical epochs (since the most ancient times and up to now). In the article the historical experience which has been accumulated by the mankind in this point in question is analyzed. Keywords: orphanhood, children-orphans, children’s shelters, orphaned establishments, strategy of education of children-orphans | 1412 | |||||
720 | The article deals with the phenomenon of communication as a manifestation of complexity of interacting creatures. Communication is considered not as a privilege of a human being; it is shown that it is in the root of the world of living nature, it has evolutionary origins. The communicative complexity is exposed by such concepts as flexibility, constructing, intersubjectivity, participatory sense-making, empathy, synergy, mutual incorporation and co-emergence of creatures, which enter the process of communication. Understanding of communication from the viewpoint of the conception of enactivism allows disclosing some substantial aspects of the constructivist character of communicative interaction. Keywords: communication, complexity, constructivism, intersubjectivity, participatory sense-making, mutual incorporation, situatedness, meaning, emergence, enactivism, empathy | 1412 | |||||
721 | The article discussed the role of civil self-organization in the process of social responsibility economic actors in Russia. It is described the requirements for social groups, presents approaches to evaluating the effectiveness of spontaneous self-organization. An assessment of the current state of civil self-organization in Russia is carried out. The author comes to the conclusion that there are some elements of local social capital in Russia, she justifies the need for expanding the boundaries of trust networks with the active participation of the state. Keywords: civil society, social responsibility, trust networks, social capital, Russian features | 1412 | |||||
722 | Introduction. The actual problem of realization of pedagogical potential of animation in education of preschool and primary school age children is investigated. The article presents the stages of development of children’s animation, domestic and foreign experience of using animation in educational practice with pre-school and primary schoolchildren, the problems of influence of animation on children, the prospects of development of pedagogical potential of animation in teaching children at the level of pre-school and primary general education. Material and methods. The materials for the research were domestic and foreign scientific sources, which contain information about the formation of animation as a kind of film art and as an educational technology, the results of the study of the problem of applying animation in educational, educational and correctional development work with children of preschool and primary school age. The following methods were used: retrospective, comparative analysis, content analysis, analysis and generalization of pedagogical experience, and classification. Purpose: to conduct a theoretical study of the implementation of the pedagogical potential of animation in the education of children of preschool and primary school age. Results and discussion. The application of animation in education is connected with the evolution of its figurative means (movement, time, space, color, graphics, etc.), in accordance with this, two main stages can be distinguished: the first – classical (pre-computer) and the second – modern (using computer technologies). The first stage is the formation of animation as a kind of film art, in educational practice used cartoons created on the basis of folk and author’s tales, fables, children’s literary works, as well as cartoons with a pronounced cognitive and didactic content. The second stage in the development of children’s animation involves the use of computer technology. The pedagogical potential of computer animation lies in the visualization and impact of expressive means of animation on the perception of educational material and interactivity. The main directions of animation application in education were formed: education, training, creative activity, correction, rehabilitation. Nowadays, educational animation represents a generalizing name of a group of technologies united by the use of animation as an educational tool and contributing to the achievement of educational results (personal, metaproject, subject). At the same time, there are problems with the impact of modern animated products on children. Cartoons with negative content (scenes of murder, violence, etc.) lead to changes in the behavior of the child, there is aggression, rudeness, cruelty, selfishness. The priority task is to develop educational content using the modern potential of animation for learning, developing communication, socialization, media and media culture skills in children and adolescents. Conclusion. The prospects for developing the pedagogical potential of children’s animation are to create a holistic integrated system of developing education at the level of preschool and primary general education using animation as an educational tool. Keywords: animation, pre-school and primary school age children, pedagogical capacity, computer technology | 1412 | |||||
723 | . | 1411 | |||||
724 | Social pedagogic in Russia was officially founded in 1989. and that's why it is a new sphere of scientific and practical activity. The appearance of social pedagogic here in Russia is conditioned by the crisis of the whole social system. However social pedagogic wasn't begun with the zero, it has deep historical roots, traditions in Russia. For many years different models of social, legal, psychology-pedagogical and different others prospects of help to people especially to children were worked out Form, Subject and methods of social upbringing of the rising generation of different categories of children were improved theoretical foundation of this scientific branch was laid. This article will elucidate the stages of formation of the social pedagogic in Russia. | 1411 | |||||
725 | The article is devoted to additional methodical preparation of the students V of a rate to work in conditions of profile school on the basis of development and realization of a special rate: Profile training and preparation of the future teacher. In clause there is a speech about changes in a society connected to them by new tasks of education, about functions of profile school, her of a history in Russia. The contents of a special rate is given, the questions considere during realization of a rate are designated. Given clause will be useful both teachers, and students of pedagogical high schools interested by a problem of preparation of the teacher’s staff for work in conditions of profile training | 1411 | |||||
726 | The article of Skripko Z.A. is devoted of differentiation approach in training of natural science disciplines. As a substantiation of such approach there are scientific researches of gender pedagogics undertake. The author offers the own approach in designing the educational texts of a rate “Natural sciences” for humanitarian profile classes | 1411 | |||||
727 | Pedagogy of continuous education is a direction in pedagogy about essence of development and formation of the person in the course of formation during entire life and working out on this basis of the theory and a technique of continuous formation. Pedagogy of continuous education develops in close interrelation with various sciences. Representatives of various pedagogical schools and directions stated and express various opinions on continuous education. Keywords: pedagogy of continuous education, a direction in education, development and formation of the person, theory and a technique of continuous education | 1411 | |||||
728 | This article is about the results of research of an self-image of teenagers who are brought up in a boarding school. The self-image of teenagers is considered as result of self-knowledge. Keywords: self-knowledge, an self-image, the teenagers who are brought up in a boarding school, social I, physical I, communicative I, perspective I, reflective I | 1411 | |||||
729 | The article describes methods of speeding the cognitive activity of students during the lectures by means of discussion. Discussion developing is stimulated by the problems which arise during provisional introduction of students to the studied material. Keywords: speeding, cognitive activity, summary, discussion. | 1411 | |||||
730 | The article is devoted to the metaphors, displaying the inner world (phenomena of the phyche) in “The Mind Parasites” by C. Wilson. Reasons for difficulties in their producing and understanding are analysed. The list of the difficulties is founded on the material of the above mentioned novel. Keywords: English, metaphor, phenomena of the phyche, concepts of the inner world, basic metaphor models, metaphor producing and understanding. | 1411 | |||||
731 | The article is devoted to the structure and content of the Bachelor’s professiogram (degree programme: Pedagogical Education) taking into consideration modern tendencies in the development of education in Russia. Keywords: professional characteristics, professiogram, Bachelor’s professiogram | 1411 | |||||
732 | The authors review some effective methods in teaching English language speaking in class at university. Transactional and interactional speeches are shortly characterized. A range of problems in teaching language oral speech are considered and analyzed. Some measures to solve the problems are recommended to be taken. The characteristic of an ‘effective activity’ is given. A series of various activities providing the development of speaking skills and forming communicative competence in students are considered. Keywords: oral speech, effective forms and methods, transactional and interactional speech, learners, a range of problems/difficulties in teaching/learning, activities, to take measures, skills, communicative competence | 1411 | |||||
733 | The author makes an attempt to make a share of contribution to the research of the pivotal component of the problem of civic population evacuation – the evacuation of population from Stalingrad and the accommodation of the evacuees at the Siberian land. The article shows the peculiarities and hardships of the situation of the city of Stalingrad, which became the centre of evacuation processes in the South of the country due to its geographical and economical situation, transport development. The paper gives the analysis of the reasons for the belatedness of the mass evacuation held in the city, evacuation of the highly qualified cadres and their families, the ways of solving complex problems of accommodation of the arrivals form Stalingrad in Siberia. The paper makes a special emphasis on the issue as the specialists from Stalingrad arrived in order to build the large plant Transmash, which was to produce diesel engines for tanks, the production of which had been terminated at the Stalingrad Tractor Plant. The papers shows the system of measures undertaken for solving this accommodation problem, highlights that it required the development of the special plan, creation of staging points, organizations of food, medical and social services, mobilization of transport organizations. In spite of many hardships the task of providing the arrived people and their families with living accommodations was solved. Keywords: The Great Patriotic War, Stalingrad, Barnaul, evacuation, Krasnyy oktyabr’ (Red October), Barrikady (Barricades), Traktornyy zavod (Tractor Plant), Transmash | 1411 | |||||
734 | The questions of formation of life values and orientations during education are considered in the article of Z.A. Skripko. The author addresses to historical development of axiology, and gives special attention to the analysis of formation of moral orientations for the youth during training of natural sciences. | 1410 | |||||
735 | The article considers the level of communicative, psychological and personal development of pupils of primary school age and draws a conclusion about the possibility of formation of readiness to intercultural foreign language communication. Foreign language acquirement on the early stage could be classified as the general culture part mastering which will help schoolchildren to join the culture of the country of the learned language as well as the world culture. Keywords: pedagogical potential of folk traditions; regionalization of education; ethnical and cultural educational area of the region; ethnical and pedagogical competence of a Folk Activity teacher | 1410 | |||||
736 | The paper presents experimental data on the methane fluxes from West Siberian tundra mires in summer and winter periods. The possibility of the methane adsorption by the snow cover is discussed. The regional flux from the whole region is estimated with the «standard model» Bc7 as 0.16 MtСH4/year that accounts for around 5 % of the total West Siberian mires methane emission. Keywords: methane emission, snow cover adsorption, regional flux, tundra, West Siberia | 1410 | |||||
737 | The article is dedicated to the specifics of intertextuality in “Pushkin House”. The study is focused on the meaning and correlation of references to Pushkin’s and Dostoevsky’s texts, which occur in the third part of the novel in the form of epigraphs, titles of the part itself and its chapters and specific allusions within the plot. Keywords: Bitov, Pushkin, Dostoevsky, postmodern, intertextuality, epigraph | 1410 | |||||
738 | The article presents the results of empirical research of the manifestations of the emotional burnout syndrome among the various categories of pedagogic employees depending on the period of professional activity. The author analyses the parametric relationship between the intensity of emotional burnout and mechanisms of defensive and coping behaviour of teachers. The obtained results are compared with similar data diagnostic study of representatives of non-socionomics professions. Keywords: pedagogic activity, teachers, emotional burnout, the specificity of professional activity, professional stress, psychological defence, coping | 1410 | |||||
739 | The sculpture of the ancient inhabitants of Western Siberia was studied in order to identify the origins of the iconography of the image of bear in the cultic repoussage of the Kulai community of the early Iron Age. It was established that the figurines of a bear standing on four paws, and the image of the beast’s head are genetically related to similar types of the sculpture that appeared in the Neolithic Era. The images of a bear standing on its hind paws became popular on the eve of the Iron Age under the influence of the forest-steppe ethnocultural impacts. The partial images are undergoing the process of rearchaization and form compositions known as a bear in the «sacrificial posture». Iconographic types reflect different semantic layers, representing, in particular, social symbols. Keywords: the Neolithic Era, the Bronze Age, the early Iron Age, the Rulai cultural-historical community, the images of bear, symbol, Western Siberia | 1410 | |||||
740 | The author of the article is analyzing images and motives of «The Poem without a Hero» and «The Prose about the Poem» by Anna Akhmatova. They trace to shaman myths and notions which underlie the legend about the mission of a singer, his poetical inspiration. They can be seen in the composition of the first part of «The Poem without a Hero» in traveling of the memory into the world of the dead, the presence of the images of dances, the motive of conjuring. It is known that Akhmatova had an idea of changing the poem into a kind of «dancing action with singing from behind the scene. All these made it possible for Anna Akhmatova to call her poem «shamanics». | 1409 | |||||
741 | The social analysis of the role of family and culture in the hierarchy of modern youth’ values, based on the survey of 247 university students, living in Saratov region, is presented in the article. In addition to that, the students’ attitude to people of different nationalities, marriages among them, level of knowledge of their own national culture in the globalization epoch and expanding of social interaction between the representatives of different cultures is analyzed. Keywords: culture, family, marriages between people of different nationalities, toleration, youth, values, nationality. | 1409 | |||||
742 | Motor activity is the natural requirement for the balanced development of a human organism. If a person in his childhood has limited possibilities for motor activity, his mental and physical dispositions are not properly developed. The harmonization of motor activity and professional establishment of a young person studying at the University assumes great importance. Working out modern forms and pedagogical technologies of stimulation of the motor activity of students at the University is the topical concern of teachers and physical education specialists. Keywords: Motor activity, integrative technology, students, model, process of physical education, pedagogical blocks. | 1409 | |||||
743 | The article deals with the question of the formation of basis and main features of the theory of free education, which is gaining popularity in our days. Humanization of society, the need to create a person of a new formation evokes interest in this topic. This article provides a good look to historical change of the ideology, persons who worked hard to solve problems in sphere of education, the problems that the theory faced under the constant influence of the external, including educational environment. The article shows the interrelation of domestic philosophical thought and foreign theories. The theory of free education was born in the «natural education» of Rousseau, was picked up by many philosophers in Europe. A huge contribution to its development was made by the outstanding scholar and teacher, count L. N. Tolstoy. Similar ideas imbued with humanism expressed by E. Kay, J. Dewey and later Maria Montessori. An important point in the history of the formation of the ideas of free education were the works of K. N. Wentzel. The declaration of the rights of the child written by him outstripped, and, moreover, in future became the basis for writing of the UN Declaration of 1959 concluded the basic rights of children. The article also examines the main controversies of ideology. Criticism of individual authors about approaches to education is shown. Keywords: theory of free education, humanism in education, pedocentrism | 1409 | |||||
744 | It has been established that the course administration (5 days at a dose of 16 mg/kg per os) of extracts of Aralia mandshurica or Rhodiola rosea decreased the incidence of ischemic and reperfusion ventricular arrhythmias during a 10-min coronary artery occlusion and a 10-min reperfusion. Extracts of Eleutherococcus senticosus, Leuzea carthamoides and Panax ginseng had no effect on the incidence of ischemic and reperfusion arrhythmias. Chronic administration of Aralia, Rhodiola and Eleutherococcus increased the ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) value in rats with postinfarction cardiosclerosis. Ginseng and Leuzea did not affect the VFT in rats with postinfarction cardiosclerosis. Keywords: phytoadaptogenes, heart, ischemia, reperfusion, cardiosclerosis, arrhythmias | 1408 | |||||
745 | In the article the urgency of educational area “health and safety” is described, problems of the organization of out-of-class work in the course of “health and safety Basis” are considered, defi nition and classifi cation of out-of-class work by health and safety bases is resulted, the approximate maintenance is described. Realization of the basic approaches is described. Keywords: сourse of “Health and safety basis”, out-of-class work in the course of “Health and safety basis”, person-activity approach, integrative approach | 1408 | |||||
746 | The article deals with the mechanism of generating allusions as one of the means of human thought; the basis of this process is the use of the cultural potential of certain linguistic community. Keywords: precedent text, allusion, stereotype, linguistic community, associative relation | 1408 | |||||
747 | The article points to examination of functions of associative words connection in text formation as one of the important factors in dialogue between an author and an addressee of feature text. A text is considered in communicative-action approach as the main form of communication. The research is done in trend of theory of textual associations, which is elaborated in communicative stylistics of text. Typical associations on key stimulus word in the system of feature text are considered in the capacity of associative standards. Standard associations on stimulus word were detected in associative experiment and reflected into Russian Associative Dictionary and then they were correlated with level organization of feature text. This organization consists of informative-notional and pragmatic levels and also corresponded to them sublevels, such as object-logical, thematic, subject-composition in the network of informative-notional level and figurative, emotional and idea-esthetic in the network of pragmatic level. Associative standards as factors of text formation are examined on poetic texts about autumn by Russian poets. Keywords: communicative stylistics of text, theory of text associations, associative norms, text formation, textual associates, lexical structure of poetic text | 1408 | |||||
748 | The article covers the issues of working group formation in the modern preschool education system. The attribution of individuals to the category of the “group” in the light of the theory of transition is analysed. The contents of such categories as “working group” and “working group of teachers” is revealed. The author studies the peculiarities of the municipal working group teachers’ activity in creation of the support system for children aged 1–3. The article presents the basic activities of the working group of specialists in various areas necessary for the organization of special support of young children in a separate municipal education system. The analysis of group behavior makes it possible to determine the characteristics of pedagogical activity of the working group, the effectiveness and potential of which depend on the selected criteria. The peculiar working group features are supported by specific content of the municipal group activity. Keywords: working group, early childhood, teaching activities, syncretic phenomena, municipal education | 1408 | |||||
749 | This article deals with peculiarity of cognitive semantics. Significance of the language correlates with the basic categories of cognitive linguistics: cognition, information, discourse, knowledge, consciousness. | 1407 | |||||
750 | The article considers «snowball» technique as one of task complex constructing methods. The efficiency of the technique is proved and the methods of using it at Geometry classes are described. Keywords: complex of tasks, process of task complex constructing, «snowball» technique, methods of using task complex | 1407 |