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4101 | A short analysis of correlation in market and ethic relations in the history of society is given in the article. Particular attention is given to peculiarities mutual relations of morals and market in our country under present conditions. Development of social nature of moral and religious relations as before is able to stimulate the civilized way of market development in Russia. Such a thought is stressed in this paper. | 1201 | |||||
4102 | The modern requirements to the professional from the side of society and new technologies are considered in the article. The necessity of simple and accessible technologies which based on the methodology of creation is settled in the article. The criteria of creation and reproduction in the pedagogical process are suggested and its organization in the creative educational technology is based. | 1201 | |||||
4103 | The author of a given article considers various ideas of frontier which are established in the modern russianamerican methodology of the humanitarian research.The author explains ontology of frontier as a product of the national, individual and disciplinary self-consciousness and he determines the reflexion of theoretically-methodological activity as the movement from generalization of differences towards the difference of generalization. | 1201 | |||||
4104 | The article presents the results of historical archival research. It characterizes the scientific and pedagogical activity conditions for the students and staff of Tomsk State Pedagogical Institute during 1945-1953, the period of the «personality cult» of i.V. Stalin (Jougashvili) in the USSR. The publication is devoted to the 100th anniversary of Tomsk State Pedagogical University of the Ministry of Education of Russia, the successor to Tomsk Teachers' Institute and the first pedagogical higher education institution in the Asian part of the country. | 1201 | |||||
4105 | The article describes the results of the didactic method «Increase of didactics units» (UDE). This method can be wide¬ly used in different areas of pedagogics and individual tech¬niques. The author has used the ideas of UDE in construct¬ing and teaching of the integrated course «Natural sciences» in 10 classes of a humanitarian profile. One of the primary goals of the given approach is the development of system type of intellection. According to the main states of the UDE theory the studied material should be given in large units, since integrated knowledge is more systematic and clear, than separate elements. Therefore all contents of the course of natural sciences for 10-th class were divided into three large units representing integrated groups of the related units of the subject contents. Except the enlargement of didactic meth¬ods of teaching, the extended exercises that accustom pupils to the active methods of learning are also used. These exer¬cises must take into account specific features of psyche and different types of mind. In studying process of the integrated course of natural sciences the schemes, characters, refer¬ence signals, visual means are used. Thus, whenever possi¬ble, all code systems of the person's psychology - verbal, visual, sign, acoustic can be used. The similar approach in¬creases systematic character of knowledge that gives an impulse to their further development and extention. Keywords: - | 1201 | |||||
4106 | It was investigated the effect of hypobaric hypoxia on the activity of enzyme of different metabolic pathways in wheat and rice seedlings, which differ in steadiness to studying factor. Hypoxic incubation was resulted in increased enzymatic activities of alcohol dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase (NADH) in roots and leaves of rice. The activity of malate dehydrogenase (NAD*) was decreased in roots and leaves of both plants under hypoxia. | 1201 | |||||
4107 | The course «Recreation Use of Nature» intended for masters is considered in the paper. Arising questions and problems are discussed | 1201 | |||||
4108 | The content of the principle of connection of education and life in view of up-to-date education changes is revealed in the article. Some ways of training of teachers for carrying out this principal are suggested | 1201 | |||||
4109 | The paper defends the thesis that philosophy of education has a special position in structure of social-philosophical knowledge. It's the part of philosophy which could help to maintain the logic of forming of mental representation of reality and principles of transition from tradition to innovation. Keywords: philosophy of education, social philosophy, structure, knowledge | 1201 | |||||
4110 | The article analyses the notion of different-age groups, methods of forming foreign education content in a different-age complement class. Keywords: different-age groups, complement classes, methods of forming foreign education content. | 1201 | |||||
4111 | The article considers the opportunity to institute independant education by the designing of external education pedagogical system. The author describes the technology of external teaching a separate subject which is the procedural subsystem of such a system realized in practice. Keywords: independant education, external education, the elements of external education, technology of education | 1201 | |||||
4112 | General measures of regional policy in higher education are analyzed in the article. This policy is aimed on the forming of the world level training system as a key for development of science intensive economy. A consortium of universities and scientific organizations is studied as the cornerstone for the system. Keywords: innovative educational programs and projects, consolidation of resources, human resources, science intensive economy, networking. | 1201 | |||||
4113 | The article analyzes the basic concepts related to quality management: customer satisfaction and product quality of the educational services. It is proposed a model to analyze the output of the activity of the institution, which can be classified as follows: Performance, Unsatisfied quality, Formal quality, Non-formal quality, Unsatisfied specifications, Unsatisfied needs, Waste. Keywords: quality, quality management, standards, customer satisfaction, educational services | 1201 | |||||
4114 | The needs of a modern post-industrial society focuses rural ungraded schools on education of competitive person on formation of socially significant qualities, which give the possibility of adaptation and self-realization of rural graduates. The ability of the subject to self-development and self-conscious and active through the assignment of the new social experience becomes a target of the pedagogical process. Keywords: rural ungraded schools, mixed-age teaching, interdisciplinary, integrative, educational content for different age-education, mixed-age class | 1201 | |||||
4115 | The article tells about educational adaptively-developmental environment, which contains the process of student development and there defined the concept of the environment, principles of its development and key approaches for its formation. The article examines the modern Western psychological and educational literature on this issue, it studies the effect of the educational climate on psychological and educational characteristics of students, the article examines the educational climate in terms of students, teachers and parents. The analysis suggests that the organization of educational, adaptive-developing environment includes a variety of forms and activities. Keywords: adaptive-developmental environment, levels of the environment’s formation, criteria and indicators for its formation | 1201 | |||||
4116 | The article is devoted to the relations between the regional and national components in the structure of russian linguistic individual onomastic knowledge. The results of regional associative experiment, which were compared with data from all-Russian onomastic project stated in the book “The Name is Russia. The historical selection 2008” served as the material for the research. The used approach gives an idea about the place of the exact regional onomastic material in the system of the national onomastic knowledge. Keywords: proper name, antroponim, regional and national background knowledge, associative-cultural background, associative experiment | 1201 | |||||
4117 | In the article the rendering of the possible way of pronominal system formation in the Selkup language is offered. Interrogative pronouns were historically the names of mythical ancestors. Tabooing of the names caused the use of allegories in form of interrogative, indefi nite, negative pronouns. The substitutes of the names became the key elements of word formation: kaj “duck” (totem); kaj “who”, “what”, “what”; kajdo “why”, “what for”; kajne “nothing”. Keywords: Selkup language, pronoun, euphemism, spiritual culture | 1201 | |||||
4118 | The structure of readiness for training at higher school is shown. There is an example of complex research during enrolment to military higher school. Keywords: readiness, readiness for the activity, professional psychological selection, educational standards, the two-bin system of instruction | 1201 | |||||
4119 | In the article the concept of the monoproduction region is specified, segmentation of regions on the contribution to formation of the gross regional product of different types of economic activity is carried out, classification of subjects depending on the number of prevailing managing subjects is offered, the need of creation of innovative clusters for monoproduction regions is proved and dominating forces of their creation in different economic structures are revealed. Keywords: innovative cluster, monoproduction region, corporation, types of economic activity | 1201 | |||||
4120 | The article considers the aspects of study and linguistic status of professional sublanguages and distinguishes their varieties depending on fields of their use and degree of professional insularity; there has been given a specification of their forms, styles, and marking units; there has been carried out an analysis of the upper terminological register of professional sublanguages. The article goes into identification of functional semiotic and structural inhomogeneity of “the upper register” of their vocabulary, the terminological lexicon (terms, terminonyms, prototerms, terminoids, preterms, and determs) based on the specific material of present-day professional, trade, and consubstantial languages, There have been identified key problems and objectives of professional sublanguages studies and terminologies of the Russian language from the point of terminology studies, sociolinguistics and language for specific purposes theory (LSP linguistics). Keywords: professional sublanguage, term, term system, terminology degree, aspects of the professional languages studies | 1201 | |||||
4121 | The article reveals the specifics of the genesis of money and monetary relations in primitive culture from the perspective of facts stated in anthropology, which sufficiently suggested that money existed in primitive culture. Directly to economic exchange (barter), they were not required, but the money worked in non-functioning forms of exchange and initiated rational disposal of surplus. Money in the ritual exchange of “Kula” united the different parts of the primitive society, after that the economic exchange was possible. In the ritual of “potlatch” the money were fixed amount consumed for sacrificial benefits that had to return to the owners with increasing in future. Keywords: money, culture, money`s genesis, primitive culture, money relations | 1201 | |||||
4122 | Statistics of cases of the child abuse proves that the domestic violence has become as common as the street violence. Hundreds of children are injured by their own parents. Specialists in rehabilitation centers and school psychologists in their work with children, affected by domestic violence in the family, use all possible methods and forms of behavior correction and rehabilitation of such children. Collective creative activity is one of the forms of correctional and rehabilitation work with children affected by domestic violence in the family. At venue of MAI (Municipial Autonomous Institution) PCSA (Prevention Centre and Social Adaptation) “Family” (Tomsk) a group of children from among the victims of the domestic violence was formed. Parents and children, entering “the group of risk”, were proposed to unite with the creative team of children with disabilities, at the result of which the creative inclusive group “Kolosok” was formed. The tasks of the group are to create conditions for reducing aggression and anxiety in children/a child; to teach children/a child to build and maintain relationships in the family, to show feelings and emotions for the purpose intended, to develop empathy through the close communication in society. The results of the diagnostic test showed that anxiety and aggressiveness decreased; composition and staging tales contributed to the development and expansion of the vocabulary, and the manufacture of handicrafts from the improvised and natural materials developed the outlook; the relationship between mothers and children became warmer because joint activities allowed them to spend time together as often as possible, to be in the same business, to get to know each other better. Keywords: home violence, correctional and rehabilitation work with children, collective creative activity, inclusive group | 1201 | |||||
4123 | The description of human inner world is conditioned by special features of anthropic perception of the reality. In the language conceptualization of emotional states there is a special place for metaphorical representations based on sensory associations caused by one or another emotion. The image of any human emotion has a complex of multiple fold conceptual metaphors in its base. The category of emotional state of Disappointment is considered to be the part of semantic space of human inner world which is reflected in cognitive metaphors. The research task involves differentiation and description of specific types of the metaphorical models actualizing the emotional state of Disappointment in the English perception of the world. The analysis of empirical material enabled to distinguish four models: sensorial, anthropomorphous, zoomorphic and nature-morphic metaphorical models. It is stated that with a variety of conceptual features, the integrity of the image of disappointment is built up on the combination of different feelings. Keywords: cognitive modeling, cognitive model, conceptualization, metaphor, emotional state, disappointment | 1201 | |||||
4124 | The establishment of an information society led to the massive use of modern gadgets and led to the fact that children have difficulty in direct communication, adaptation, especially in an unfamiliar environment, as well as contributes to the deterioration of children’s health, due to sedentary lifestyles. The leading role in the process of formation of the valuable relation to the world, to himself and to other people belongs to a secondary school. In the modern educational space to solve these problems optimally is possible not separately within the institution, but in the form of networking. Stakeholders create social and educational environment for a more successful social adaptation of the individual student. One of the effective means that children get from tourism and regional studies is the socialization and preservation of health. The authors present the mechanism of leading educational institutions’ networking: Municipal autonomous educational institution of secondary school number 28 in Tomsk and municipal budgetary educational institution of additional education of childhood and youth house “Our harbor” Tomsk. As part of the networking was created an innovative platform of municipal tourist and regional studies, which is being implemented under the conditions of socio-pedagogical project “Formation of socially-adapted person taught with the help of the tourist and local lore activity in conditions of an integrated socio-educational developing environment of general and supplementary education”. We present two authors’ models: the model of socio-educational developing environment for the formation of socially-adapted person enrolled in the secondary school № 28 and childhood and youth house “Our Harbour” and the model of formation of socially-adapted person in the conditions of socio-educational developing environment. The article also puts forward a system of monitoring research. Keywords: networking, socio-pedagogical project, extracurricular activities, tourist and regional studies, integrated developing environment, model of educational environment, model of social adaptation of personality | 1201 | |||||
4125 | The article is devoted to the research of autobiographical miniature stories of the modern writer Angelika Sumbayeva. Classical works (M. Bakhtin, L. Ginzburg etc.) give the ideas of typological signs of poetics of autobiographical prose of the childhood which are observed in A. Sumbayeva’s prose: psychologism, retrospective view, lyrical modality of the narration caused by the attitude of the storyteller towards the hero. At the same time the volume of a miniature causes features of A. Sumbayeva’s prose: laconicism of descriptions, accuracy in selection of details; transfer of psychological state through nuance, details. The article alalyses in detail the cycle of the stories published in 2010 in the magazine for children “A Yellow Caterpillar” and built according to calendar chronology (winter, spring, summer). In miniature stories the features of art space come to light (including, the use of attributive features of the Siberian region, its climatic originality), functions of gesture, nuance, phrases in the transfer of a psychological portrait of characters, narrative techniques which form the author’s attitude towards the autobiographical character (for example, use of the narration in third person, but transfer of attitude of the child associating reality with the fantastic world through the direct speech). In miniatures there is an image of the natural world of Siberia in general, and the autobiographical image appears as typical, given in circumstances, recognizable, familiar to the Siberian reader. Miniatures of Angelica Sumbayeva recreate the world of childhood as a harmonious, open to the new, capable to take a miracle to transform the ordinary into the world of fairy tales. Keywords: children’s and youth literature, Siberian writers and poets, A. Sumbaeva, autobiographical prose about childhood | 1201 | |||||
4126 | Fedorova E. V. // Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2000. Issue 1 (17). P. 25-27 | 1200 | |||||
4127 | The Problem with Man's health as an important an¬thropological constituent a is being considered in this pa¬per. Modern understanding of Man presents his structure as a golographical element of cosmos, in this way creating a new paradigm of antropocosmism. Metaphysical princi¬ples of medicine form a system which integrates into the analytical pouter of Western and the synthetic one of Eastern medicine. The Individual and his organism contain both his own antonomy and entegrity of the whole being. The problem of physical, spiritual and morat health of Man can be solved on the bases of the above mentioned prin¬ciples. | 1200 | |||||
4128 | Managers’ professional skills providing effectiveness and success of their work are described in the article. Peculiarities of the adaptive method, modular and problem teaching methods which provide effective development of professional skills of the students are described. | 1200 | |||||
4129 | The article investigates the contents and mechanism of rational combination of public and collective interests in the sphere of science-innovation activity. | 1200 | |||||
4130 | Research gasdynamics and thermoexchanges tasks in areas with varied geometry has the important scientific - practical value in connection with that similar tasks are widely distributed both in technological processes of the industry, and in sphere of operation of rocket engineering. In article as an example start of a rocket from shaft is considered. It is interesting and a bright example of a task in which questions of construction of an effective settlement grid are integrated, thermoexchanges processes, gasdynamics and aerodynamics | 1200 | |||||
4131 | Diagrams of heneycosan-palmitin acid and heneycosan-stearin acid systems are investigated using differential scanning calorymetry. Phase equilibrium diagrams are discussed | 1200 | |||||
4132 | At pedagogical universities prepare for the future teachers, and the rate of theoretical physics stated to him should possess the certain originality which imposes the special responsibility on teachers. In the paper are considered prominent features of a technique of training of theoretical physics at pedagogical university. The material of clause can be used at studying theoretical physics in pedagogical high schools | 1200 | |||||
4133 | S.G. Komagina in N. Ostrovky's novel discovers the signs of the archaic serpent fighting motive represented on the level of plot collisions, character sketches and writer's narration, which enables the author to give additional explanation of the reasons become of which the novel "How the steel was tempered" influences the reader. | 1200 | |||||
4134 | The paper represents mechanisms of transition the molecules of the solvent and ions under influence gradient of the pressure, the temperature, concentration of the dissolved salts and electroosmos in peat, as well as accompanying processes of the ion exchange and change the structure of the material Keywords: Peat deposit, water solution, high molecular substances, mass transit, ion exchange processes, temperature | 1200 | |||||
4135 | Results of researches have shown that the presowing treatment of seeds with selenium ions (selenite and selenate ions) has a stimulating effect on elongation of the shoot structural elements of the plants Lactuca sativa L. as well as on the content of the chlorophylls sum. Specificity of the influence of different selenium ions consists in regulating the synthesis of biologically active substances and a dry biomass. Keywords: Lactuca sativa, selenium, morphogenesis, chlorophylls, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, anthocyans. | 1200 | |||||
4136 | In the frames of the article there is an attempt to clarify certain provisions of the concept of a viable identity, developed by M. P. Gurjanova, in relation to rural ungraded schools. Keywords: organization of educational process in rural ungraded schools, different-age children teams, teamwork, interpersonal communication | 1200 | |||||
4137 | In the article the questions related to the psychological aspects of the sporting training are presented. The results shown the results of independent research of features of motivational sphere of sportsmen, engaged in martial arts. Keywords: sporting psychology, motivation, martial arts | 1200 | |||||
4138 | The article deals with the peculiar properties of the hierarchical system of comparison, including the specific functions of its components. The structure and semantics of comparative syntagmatic correlations as a means of fulfilling the above-mentioned functions have been analysed. Keywords: hierarchical system, general comparison, particular comparison, degrees of comparison, syntagmatic correlations | 1200 | |||||
4139 | The article examines the reader’s reception in the literary communication (“author – a literary work – the reader”) and educational communication (“a literary work – a teacher – a reader-student”). Accounting of the specifics of the perception of artistic information and realization of the principle of dialogism are considered as the moments that combine these levels and determine their effectiveness. Keywords: art information, addressee, fictional world of art, imaginary reader, the naive realist perception, the subject – subject teaching | 1200 | |||||
4140 | In the article by V.V. Nevolina and V.N. Kazancheev the research of the influence of shadow economy (black market) on the regional interest is presented. The existence of the regional peculiarities of the shadow (black market) processes, their complicated influence on the economic interest of the region is stressed. The authors come to the conclusion that in the light of the struggle against shadow economy (black market) one cannot use only the possibilities of the given region. Keywords: shadow economy/ black market, regional economic interest, industrial approach, economic isolation, victimless crime | 1200 | |||||
4141 | The article deals with the condition for individual potential development in supplementary professional education system. Authors provide comparative analyses of educational environment approaches in domestic and foreign andragogy. Keywords: labour potential, supplementary education, supplementary professional education system, andragogy | 1200 | |||||
4142 | The article explores contradictions in bioethics and biomedicine in respect of trial subjects on the eample of animals and artificially created beings (genetically modified animals, interspecific hybrids, chimeras). The importance of rethinking the problem of standing and status of the discussed beings as philosophical and anthropological, as well as in ethical and legal dimensions of contemporary culture is actualised. Investigations were carried out with the support of RFH grant № 12-03-00198. Keywords: bioethics, biomedicine, animagl, hybrides, chimeras, trial subject protection, principles of bioethics, animals in experiment | 1200 | |||||
4143 | The article is focused on ekphrasis serving as a term to designate verbal representation of a work of fine arts in literature. Ekphrasis is analysed as presented in the poem “Portraits” written by the famous English poet Ted Hughes. Specific features of ekphrasis and various linguistic means of its manifestation are subjected to analysis. A dialogic form of ekphrasis is employed in the poem. The main features embedded in the archetypal scheme of an ekphrastic dialogue are revealed in the poem under analysis. The mysterious message sent by the portrait of the heroine with the doppelganger in the background is deciphered not by the artist as the connoisseur and the interpreter, but by the poet whose role is that of a naпve listener. Keywords: English poetry, Ted Hughes, “Portraits”, fine arts, ekphrasis, ekphrastic dialogue, the archetypal scheme, an image coming to life, mysterious message of the picture, the motif of a doppelganger | 1200 | |||||
4144 | The level of modern fundamental sciences and technologies, based on them, not only require an increase in the general level of natural science education, but also should attract talented young people to these areas of activity. These problems are directly related to the problems of activating cognitive interest and cognitive activity in the learning processes. In pedagogy and psychology, considerable scientific and practical materials have been accumulated on the study of cognitive interest and the formation of cognitive activity among children of junior and high school age, by various psychological and pedagogical means, including the introduction of specialized educational subjects. An important role in solving these problems plays extracurricular work with schoolchildren. In the sixties of the last century, the need to involve scientists into the study processes was recognized and therefore developing new ways to organize the teaching process for the schoolchildren. So the combination of physics and mathematics schools appeared (PhMS). Despite more than a half-century history of the physics and mathematics school existence, the PhMS in the context of activating cognitive interest and cognitive activity is considered for the first time. Illustrated by the example of Tomsk State University Physics and Mathematics School, the structure, directions and methods used in this form of extracurricular work are shown. Such forms as a correspondence physics and mathematics school, an evening physics and mathematics school, a summer full-time physics and mathematics school combining rest and training for schoolchildren, as well as a winter physics and mathematics school are considered. Examples of curricular are given, organizational forms of work for different age groups of schoolchildren are described. It is shown how PhMS can be useful for all schoolchildren but at the same time help to identify gifted students. The efficiency of the PhMS was analyzed based on the results of the Unified State Exam. Keywords: cognitive activity, cognitive interest, physics and mathematics school, gifted children, Unified State Exam | 1200 | |||||
4145 | The article deals with the analysis of effectiveness of innovative forms used in the modern system of education and upbringing. It considers the problem of using the information technologies, one of which is the virtual museum, in the process of military education. Patriotic upbringing is defined as one of the priority directions of the teaching process development at the military educational establishments. Consequently, the contents of the patriotism concept have been revealed. Museum pedagogy, which combines new forms of cognitive, communicative activity and patriotic upbringing, provides almost unlimited potential of educational influence on human mind. The opportunities of the virtual museum are regarded as an effective way of expanding the range of upbringing methods and may widely be used as a way of patriot upbringing of future naval officers in the cadet colleges. The paper is aimed at the analysis of the technical peculiarities of creating displays and contents of virtual museums and advantages of using them in teaching, for example, foreign languages or history. Some basic propositions on the point of arranging the virtual display and main stages of modelling the virtual excursion in a foreign language are discussed as well. It is concluded that such educational technologies as virtual museum, are regarded as the progressive ones and should be used as an essential teaching element. Keywords: информационные технологии, инновации в образовании, патриотическое воспитание, виртуальный музей, музееведение | 1200 | |||||
4146 | The article presents the results of research and scientific-methodical work of the professional-pedagogical community of Tomsk State Pedagogical University in designing the modular educational programs for training bachelors of pedagogical education on the basis of Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Education 3++ through coordination of the FSES and professional standards. The authors suggest approaches to designing the structure of modular educational programs for training teachers at the University at the undergraduate level and determine the grounds for the allocation of their modules with the designation of the invariant and variable component. The didactic features of modular educational programs – from goal-setting to the final evaluation of their effectiveness are substantiated. The results of designing the list of professional competencies of bachelor graduates for the modular educational program 44.03.05 Pedagogical education (with two profiles of training) (bachelor level) and the description of the content and organizational characteristics of such a modular educational program are presented. The materials of the article can be used by the heads of the main educational programs and administrative and management teams of Russia’s pedagogical universities in the context of transferring students to BEP (basic educational program) mastering created in accordance with the requirements of FSES HE 3 ++ in conjunction with professional standards of pedagogical activity. The content of the article is based on the use of the method of theoretical analysis, expert method, focus group method, pedagogical design methods. Author’s scientific and methodological developments of TSPU specialists are a means of implementing innovative transformations of bachelor’s practices of training a teacher in a university. Keywords: pedagogical education, professional standard of the teacher, the main educational program for bachelor training, professional competences, professional educational module, demonstration exam | 1200 | |||||
4147 | In the article «About new possibilities for the methodological synthesis by the studying of the powerful structures of the early Middle Ages» the author sets the methodology for searching cf social structures (among them - powerful structure). This methodology is used by the medievists of the french «School «Annais» and is connected with reorientation to the subjective analysis factors - personality and mentality. The author brings it out as transition from the macrolevei to the microlevel of searches. This search direction becomes priority in the modern native historiography too. | 1199 | |||||
4148 | The obtained results of investigations showed that presented methodic of training with the using of fitness aerobics and the elements of callithenics give positing results not only in keeping body from gifting into the state of lowered resistance of girls 10-11 years but makes a great contribution to the correction of heir psychioemotional sentiment and morpohofunctional condition and all-round development psychological process and motor fitness. | 1199 | |||||
4149 | In the article by L.A. Dyrkova the concept of national revival of Russia suggested by A.I. Solzhenitsyn is investigated. In the article, special attention is paid to constructive and real strategy of national development which, according to the writer, will help to lift the country from crisis during the post communistic period. | 1199 | |||||
4150 | The article is the result of experiment to create Resource Center at System advanced training. The Experiment conducted on the basis of innovation (modern) school. Keywords: Resource Center, advanced training, System advanced training, innovation (modern) school, municipality. | 1199 |