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2951 | Article examines historic-religious ideas of Russian religious thinker F. A. Stepun about nature of war. The article shows an originality of his research strategy, based on synthesis of religiously-philosophical and scientific point of view that allowed him to reflect semantic complication of war as social phenomenon which has, according to his thought, both empirical and religious aspects. Keywords: religious philosophy of history, nature of war, patriotism, mentality, technical civilization | 1233 | |||||
2952 | The dialog of Russian and native cultures is one of the most effective approaches in studying of the writing creation of the Russian and native literatures by the pupils of the national schools. Full value entering in a perfect type of culture, taking part in dialog at the lessons of Literature can take place under condition of understanding of different types of cultures by the pupils, which determinates by national world outlook, geographical landscape, national peculiarities of consciousness and psychology. The dialog of Russian and native cultures perfects the perception and understanding books of Russian Literature and native Literature. Keywords: dialog, culture, perception, national, methodology, principles, worldview. | 1233 | |||||
2953 | This article presents results of the authors in research about elaboration and realization the program by forming joint activities of students during practical training in physics and the formation of physical ideas at the project level of students in schools and technical university in the organization process of children and the teacher. Keywords: joint activity of children, students, competence to solve problems, forming physical ideas | 1233 | |||||
2954 | The article is the result of study of the system individual valuation sets in 112 teachers from educational institutions. The study brought out the structure of professional attitude towards children of the teachers from educational institutions. Keywords: system of individual evaluation sets, personal attitude towards children, attitude towards children of the teachers from educational institutions | 1233 | |||||
2955 | The theory of bremsstrahlung from fast neutrons in electric field of atom is developed. The cross-section of process is derived. The angular and energy cross-section dependence is investigated. There are two possibilities of the photon emission: with and without neutron spin flip. Keywords: fast neutrons, bremsstrahlung | 1233 | |||||
2956 | The article points to expressive syntax constructions of up-to-date Russian in fiction on the definite material – Y. Polyakov’s works of literature. Functional and pragmatic essence of phenomenon such as insert and reduced constructions, nominative of presentation, addition and peculiarities of its usage in a text are examined. Keywords: expressive construction, insert construction, reduced construction, nominative of presentation, additional construction, functions of expressive constructions in a text | 1233 | |||||
2957 | The questions of management of formation of teachers’ preparedness for research activities in educational institutions are considered in this article. The author of the article highlights special features of management of teachers’ training for research activities. The idea of joint management to form teachers’ preparedness for research work is considered by the example of joint construction of individual educational policy of teachers. Such activities can be regarded as realization of effective management of teachers’ training for research activities. Keywords: research activities, preparedness for research activities, management, joint management | 1233 | |||||
2958 | The question of the influence of the type of educational environment on the formation of the sense consciousness is discussed in the article. One of the important characteristics of the educational environment is the type of the interaction between a child and an adult such as “closed”, “open”, or “mixed”. It is shown that the type of educational environment influences the formation of few personal characteristics among children (perception of situations, evaluation of others’ behaviour, ability to discuss situations, decentration, and readiness for interactions). “Openess” is an important characteristic of the environment. Keywords: educational environment, communicative space, openness, sense consciousness, solving “sense problems“ | 1233 | |||||
2959 | This article is devoted to modern Ufa prose, the analysis of the story of a talented Ufa artist and writer P. Khramov, the originality of the plot, the composition, imaginative system, the system of techniques used by the novelist in his story “Coenobite”. Keywords: Ufa prose, story, hero-narrator, mythologema, principle of contrast, aphoristic, retrospective of the space-time coordinates, gallery of female characters, irony | 1233 | |||||
2960 | This article considers derivational and cognitive patterns on the example of the names of baby animals in modern English. As a result of the analysis of lexical items that are part of the lexical-semantic group of «baby animals» the author allocated units formed by means of suffixation. The author points out pattern formation for different species of animals. Patterns of naming young animals of different classes are analized. Keywords: baby animals, English, derivation, derivational pattern, cognitive pattern, suffixation | 1233 | |||||
2961 | The article attempts to identify the meaning of mock weddings and funerals which were the important part of the festive culture of the Petrine era and did not find a consistent explanation in historiography. For the analysis of historical material the author draws M. M. Bakhtin’s culturological nature theory of carnival and B. A. Uspenskiy’s theory of anti-behavior, as well as laughter concepts, lying at the intersection of cultural studies and psychology. Interdisciplinary and comparative-historical approaches allows to highlight in Peter’s amusements the characteristics of both Russian and European holiday traditions, creatively transformed by the tsar-reformer. Proposed the assumption that the elements of carnival, “adsorbed” by the baroque culture, was performed for Peter’s psyche a compensatory function, helping to cope with the stresses, related with the disturbance of cultural norms in the course of reform activities. Keywords: Peter I, early modern time, interdisciplinary approach, carnival culture, anti-behavior, laughter | 1233 | |||||
2962 | Each ethnos has its own ideas of the world and the system of worldly space structuring that allows orienting in space. The idea of the three-part structure of the world including the Upper, Middle and Lower Worlds is common for many nations as well as the idea of existence of vertical and horizontal projections of the universe. In mythology the Upper World is connected with the highest gods. It is located over people. The Middle World is the place inhabited by people and animals. The Lower World is associated with the world of evil spirits and the dead. It is located under the ground or water. Ethnographic and linguistic material demonstrates coexistence of vertical and horizontal world projections in the Selkup worldview and presence of only the vertical world projection in the Russian one. The Middle World being according to the ancient beliefs the world for people and animals is the most significantly objectivized both in the Selkup and the Russian languages. The analysis of linguistic and ethnographic material allowed revealing essential differences in the Selkup and Russian ways of worldly space structuring. The circular type of space structuring is typical for the Russian ethnos as the representative of the farming culture. There is the house and householding buildings on the fenced territory in the center of the Russian worldly space, the next concentric circle includes the settlement, the second concentric circle consists of the fields and pastures having an important economic value, the third concentric circle includes forest grounds, the fourth is represented by the distant spaces. People feel the most familiar with the next and the second concentric circles and less familiar with the third and fourth concentric circles. The representatives of the Selkup ethnos orient in surrounding space relying on focal points by specification of their arrangement relative to each other. The focal points are a river, a forest and a house. Keywords: space, Selkup, Russian, mental map, focal point, comparison | 1233 | |||||
2963 | Every nation in everyday speech besides words and combinations of words use the sustained phrases, a variety of which is paroemia (eg, proverbs, signs). Proverbs are special units and signs of language, the essential elements of human communication. These signs convey specific information, refer to the typical life and mental situations or relationships between these or other objects. The correct and appropriate use of proverbs gives the speech a unique identity and special expressiveness, it gives the opportunity to enhance the learning process. This article explores the role of proverbs in the formation of the communicative competence of students in the classroom as part of the discipline “Language and culture of Mordovian people”. One aspect of the formation of communicative-speech competence is familiarity with the language of one of the Mordovian people – Moksha. With Moksha students learn in the classroom for discipline “Language and culture of Mordovian people”. Therefore, we modulated the different situations of communication, different communication tasks. Proverbs help create a real atmosphere in the class, introduce elements of the game in the learning process. The authors developed the tasks conducive to the formation of a common culture of students, increase the level of linguistic competence and activity of students in the classroom, promoting education of tolerance and love for the native land. Keywords: proverbs, intercultural approach, principle of communicative orientation, verbal and cognitive activity | 1233 | |||||
2964 | This work develops the statements of works [1–3]. Author’s experience of teaching disciplines for the students studying in the direction of training «Applied informatics» is generalized. Some questions of techniques of teaching discipline «Document science and documentary ensuring management» are considered. The main directions of further research are considered. They consist in highlighting the activation of interdisciplinary links between disciplines aimed at forming the professional competencies of students. It is planned to continue modernization of the developed materials of the electronic courses intended for support of independent work of students in the study of disciplines. It is important to develop tasks for independent work which would promote increase in interest of students in studying of materials of the discipline. In addition, we are developing the funds of evaluation tools in the form of test questions, questions for credit. It is concluded that the use of e-course materials contributes to the formation of professional competence of future graduates. Further goals on educational system development are also discussed. We are going to continue developing electronic educational materials, reference books and seminars. These materials will be used for the formation of professional competence of students who are training in the direction of «Applied Informatics». The article presents the results of using the developed methodological materials. Besides, the results of testing of students in the section «Document and System of Documentation» are analized. Keywords: field of professional activity, office-work, document, electronic document management systems, DIRECTUM | 1233 | |||||
2965 | The article deals with the study of the background of a unique female character formation, based on Sofia Kovalevskaya’s autobiographical story and A.-Sh. Leffler and Sofia Kovalevskaya’s (the younger) memories. The gender approach reveals a consistent inversion of traditional female roles in the fate of Kovalevskaya: unloved daughter, fictitious wife and nontypical mother, female scientist. For the analysis were taken the following works: the literary autobiography of Sofia Kovalevskaya «The Childhood Memories», the book «Sofia Kovalevskaya» by Anne Charlotte Leffler and the work «The Memories of Mother» by S. Kovalevskaya (the younger). S.V. Kovalevskaya’s «The Childhood Memories» reflects the first thirteen years of her life. The article deals with the role of family atmosphere in little Sonya’s personality development: the attitude of her mother, father, sister, governess, male relatives to her. Through childhood events both awareness of herself as an «unloved» daughter and at the same time a desire to prove that she is worth being loved and respected can be traced. Analyzes the key moments of Kovalevskaya’s complex nature formation: on the one hand - very motivated and hard-working, on the other hand - emotionally immature, vulnerable and childish. Keywords: Sofia Kovalevskaya, memories, childhood, Anne Charlotte Leffler, education, gender studies | 1233 | |||||
2966 | The article considers the development of the future educators training concept, based on the actual value and goal orientations in the development of the continuous pedagogical education. The article describes the value-attitude constituent and theoretical content of the concept. The practical content of the concept represents the processes of pedagogical support of the students’ activities within the integrated educational space of higher pedagogical, general and additional education systems. Such processes include pedagogical probation which comprises educational and work experience internships for the pedagogical higher education institution students. The internships are supervised by the mentors from among the leading educators who work at different levels of educational system. The theory and practice of situation and context based learning and subject-to-subject approach are taken as a basis for educational processes developed within the pedagogical concept. This provides the active involvement of future teachers in professional and quasi-professional situations and in solution of the problems arising within the situations. The creation of the integrated educational space is aimed at the support of a wide range of practice oriented forms and kinds of activities of future teachers in process of performing by them their professional tasks. The creation of such space in educational process of higher education institution is provided by the work of the Center for Additional Physical, Mathematical and Natural Science Education. Further perspectives of the research are connected with the construction of the practical content as a component of the discussed educational concept and the study of the concept’s verification results, which would allow to develop a full and substantiated understanding of the process and results of the pedagogical support in the training of pedagogical university students with the use of the potential of higher, general and additional education integration. Keywords: pedagogical concept, continuous pedagogical education, professional standards of pedagogical activity, practice based approach, pedagogical support, training of future teachers | 1233 | |||||
2967 | The increase in the number of disabled children requires from specialists new methods, technologies and means of correction at the current stage of development of education. The article discusses the possibilities of the genre of the musical training of future teachers for working in conditions of inclusion. The search for alternative forms of training of future specialists determines the relevance of the article. The presented method of the interactive musical was considered from different positions within the framework of the realization of the formation of the inclusive competences of the students of the pedagogical faculty. The experience of staging a musical on the basis of higher educational institutions as a form of practice-oriented training of future professionals working with children with disabilities (HIA), and implementation of interactive musical institutions as a gradual and complementary work demonstrates positive results. The first stage is devoted to the formation of a new pedagogical consciousness, underlying the adoption of different children and their development, a tolerant acceptance of children with various pathologies. The second stage is directly devoted to the study of new techniques that allow to create independently for a child the conditions for inclusion in the educational process, taking into account his characteristics and needs. The authors also propose to use it in working with children with disabilities. These areas are recommended as nontraditional forms of work with students of higher educational institutions. Keywords: children with disabilities, interactive musical, inclusive education, inclusive-oriented training, competence, musical, non-traditional, vocational training, correctional work | 1233 | |||||
2968 | Eltsov Yu. T. - // Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2003. Issue 1 (33). P. 97-103 - | 1232 | |||||
2969 | The article is the first publication of plans of the ballad by V.A. Zhukovsky and comments on them. The history of the ballad creation and coordination of prose and poetry in works by V.A. Zhukovsky and his movement to the genre of romantic poem is clarified through the research of his archives. | 1232 | |||||
2970 | The article considers euristic possibilities of synerqetics in the analysis of the problem of objective premises of freedom. Nowadays the ideas and principles of synerqetics form the scientific and world outlook picture, where a subject is a basic element. The principle of freedom and the idea of the subject’s presence in this picture are used as methodological premises in the analysis of freedom problem in the context of universal self-organization mechanisms. | 1232 | |||||
2971 | The article contents the biography of Valery Nikolaevich Sagatovsky – who is one of the founders of Tomsk philosophic school. The analysis of his philosophic ideas and their significance for human world understanding is also given in the item. | 1232 | |||||
2972 | The article considers the urgent problems of raising the elementary vocational raining in the conditions of its modernization. Theoretical and practical premises of creation a system of ruling the EVT quality have been analysed in connection with the social requirements to train competitive workers. The integral conception of ruling the EVT guality on the basis of integrative – active approach has been worked out and the effective conditions off approdftion the pedagogical system of Khakassiya have been shown. | 1232 | |||||
2973 | The author issues term “perception in the criminal procedure” and analyses its connection with the process of substantiation in the criminal procedure. | 1232 | |||||
2974 | The article is devoted to the problem of self-education of the teacher in theory and practice. Not aspiring the task of formulating a new definition, the authors define their attitude to an existing theoretical situation in this area of pedagogy, considering technological aspect of self-education of the teacher | 1232 | |||||
2975 | The article analyses the translation of the drama by A. P. Chekhov „Three sisters” into the German language that was done in 1960 by S. von Radecki. The translation added rational approach which was alien to this work and to the whole Russian culture. Keywords: drama, A. P. Chekhov, translation, interpretation, Germany | 1232 | |||||
2976 | The article reveals the mechanism of action of an extract of Siberian fir in nurture of quails. The authors show that the use of extract of Siberian fir (CSE) stimulates the adrenal cortex, the selectionof thyroid hormones in the blood . This helps to increase resistance of birds, to raise their productivity traits (egg-laying qualities, reproduction). Keywords: coefficient of resistance, the quail, vegetable extracts, hormonal system, bloodformation, productivity | 1232 | |||||
2977 | The article analyses major models necessary for ungraded school teacher training in the context of the pedagogical school, the specific feature of which is that the models are focused on social competence development of a future teacher in such educational institutions. The article defines the notion of social competence, techniques for its development and efficiency monitoring. Keywords: the notion and structure of social competence, social competence monitoring in the context of pedagogical secondary vocational education. | 1232 | |||||
2978 | A dark Friedman-Robertson-Walker fluid governed by a non-linear ingomogeneous equation of state (EoS) is considered that it can be viewed as a conveniently simple paradigm for the whole class of models that exhibit phase transitions from a non-phantom towards a phantom era. On the other hand, such dark fluid models may also describe quintessence-like cosmic acceleration. Adding a cosmological constant-like term to the EoS led us to the conclusion that at some t = t1 a future singularity forms, in the sense that the energy density and the Hubble parameter simultaneously approach infinity at this value. Keywords: dark energy, cosmological singularity, cosmic acceleration | 1232 | |||||
2979 | The article is the result of extensive research and compilation of data on the history of the childcare facilities organization in Western Siberia during the Great Patriotic war. The statistical analysis of the number of institutions on areas and, in general, in Western Siberian region, considered the difficulties faced by society in dealing with the organization of the evacuated and local childcare centres during the war was carried out in the article. Keywords: children, child care, the Great Patriotic War | 1232 | |||||
2980 | The author of the article analyzes the three mechanisms of formation of administrative policy in the Altay mountain district: congresses of administrative staff, emergency information collection and use of the mobile expert. The work shows dynamics of mechanisms’ development in the conditions of active transformation in the management system because of economic dominant’s change in the Altay industrial-territorial complex. Keywords: Altai mining district, administrative policy, S. P. Shvetsov, K. N. Mirotvortsev | 1232 | |||||
2981 | The modern structure of Russian economy is considered by institutional analysis. Evidences of key economic sectors slow development are distinguished in conditions of structural crisis continuing and business activity recession. It’s concluded of changing necessity in Russian economy institutional structure with the aim of raising productivity in large capital-intensive sectors of economy. Keywords: institutions, economic growth, market agents, labor productivity, institutional restrictions | 1232 | |||||
2982 | The article revealed the problem of the educational process in technical universities, the lack of teachers, curators, academic groups of teacher education to work with students orphans. It provides the analysis of the number of employees in technical colleges of the Siberian region of the teaching staff with technical, classic and teacher education. It introduced in the educational process with the students orphaned technical college developed, sciencebased program “Curator-teacherо for the training of teachers, supervisors involved in managing the process of educating students for the orphans of successful adaptation to the educational environment through the organization of the theory and practice of athletic activities. Keywords: adaptation, curator, program, physical activity, student-orphan | 1232 | |||||
2983 | The author highlights the importance and necessity to study the phenomenon of social resilience of personality. The author describes social resilience from the pedagogical point of view and outlines its components. The author describes the theoretical model of enhancing social resilience in institutions of higher education. The article contains the results of the experiment of applying the recommended theoretical model in practice. Keywords: social resilience, model of enhancing social resilience, methodological approaches to social resilience, methods of developing social resilience, levels of social resilience, social resilience assessment criteria | 1232 | |||||
2984 | The article presents the results of empirical verification of professionally important personal qualities of teachers of technical subjects of military higher educational institutions. Analytical review of scientific publications on the problem of research allowed to come to the preliminary conclusion that effective pedagogical interaction of a technical disciplines’ teacher with the students of military university in the first place contribute to such professionally significant individual psychological qualities and characteristics, as empathy, reflection, communicativeness, social perceptiveness, abstract thinking and spatial imagination. A survey of experts (teachers and students of military higher institution) showed that a teacher of technical disciplines needs to have a certain combination of professionally significant qualities and properties, and, first of all, such as empathy, reflexivity, communicativeness, social perceptiveness, abstract thinking, spatial imagination. The results of the experiment verified the assumption that professionally significant qualities of the teacher of military university can be purposefully developed through the implementation of the specially designed training programs. Keywords: professionally significant qualities of personality development, efficiency of the pedagogical interaction, the participants of the educational process, the teacher of the technical disciplines, military university, military student | 1232 | |||||
2985 | Development of the system of public service requires special attention to the problem of the morality of civil servants. Moral reliability and responsibility is a core of social and axiological potential of the civil servants. The effective instruments of development of moral culture of the civil servants are programs of additional professional education. The article submits the data of empirical researches of the author on the opportunities of additional professional education for realization of social and axiological potential of civil servants. The presented training program of civil servants “Ethics of public service” is modular in nature and in terms of methodology, based on the principle of polysubjectivity. Keywords: additional professional education, ethics of public service, moral culture of civil servants, responsibility, social and axiological potential, value orientations | 1232 | |||||
2986 | Introduction. The article deals with spatial images of the German resort towns Bad-Ems and Baden-Baden in the travel notes by M. Ye. Saltykov-Shchedrin “Za rubezhom”. This issue is still practically unresearched in literature studies and highly actual for imagology. Aim and objectives. The aim of the paper is detecting motives used by the writer for representing the towns in his work. Material and methods. The methods of the research are comparative and descriptive analysis, cultural-historical and semiotic methods. Results. The author of the research detects such characteristics of the literary space marked with Germanness as order, achronism, corruption and theatricalism of the life within the analysed loci. The special attention is paid to the core motif of the inner unfreedom by which the image of Germany unique for all kinds of German space is formed in the work. It’s also settled that the cross-cutting urbanistic image is according to the typology by V. N. Toporov the image of the ‘whore’-city influencing the images of the German resort towns and marking transformation of the erotic element in the sphere of goods/money relationships. Thus the text of the ‘fallen’ city imbued with Christian references shows throw the trivial reality of the philistine Germany in Saltykov-Shchedrin’s work and is as an intertextual base one of connecting links between images of the German resort towns and the capital Berlin. In addition the writer represents not only anthropic but also natural loci of mountain spaces forming a dimensional and simultaneously a spiritual opposition to the valley-space of the human existence earthbound in all senses. Conclusion. The results expand literary conceptualization about space images in Saltykov-Shchedrin’s works and connect German images created by the writer with the common tradition of representing Germany and Germans in the Russian literature of XIX – the early XX centuries. The article can be useful for Russian literature teachers and specialists dealing with literary imagology. Keywords: M. Ye. Saltykov-Shchedrin, Russian literature of the XIX century, Germany, image of Alien, image of resort towns, motif, literary space, locus, satire | 1232 | |||||
2987 | . | 1231 | |||||
2988 | Redaktsiya . // Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 1998. Issue 1 (4). P. 75-76 . | 1231 | |||||
2989 | Kashenov A. T. . // Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 1998. Issue 3 (6). P. 51-53 . | 1231 | |||||
2990 | The author of the paper enters into polemics with the opinion which has become basic in studying Piatonov's creative work that A. Platonov in his novel «Chevengur» as well as in other works is critisizing socialism and collective farming. As a result of scrupulous analysis of the writer's texts, the author comes to the conclusion, that his artistic thought of the mature period is correlated with the idea of the noosphere according to academician Vernnadsky. | 1231 | |||||
2991 | The article “The Study of Students Peculiarities as the Basis of Individual-Oriented Physical Training of Students at Nonspecialised Higher Education Institutions” is devoted to the analysis of the results of the study of students peculiarities, their attitude to physical training and the role of this kind of training in the life and professional activity of a person, young people’s needs, their interests, aims in life and the values shared, the peculiarities and preferable types and forms of spending spare time in order to use the results obtained to increase the effectiveness and quality of physical training of future specialists. Keywords: students, physical training, values, questioning methods, sampling | 1231 | |||||
2992 | The article analyses the specificity of Tomsk regional educational system - few complement educational establishments and their infrastructural characteristics Keywords: few complement schools, infrastructural characteristics of regional educational systems | 1231 | |||||
2993 | The article covers the problem of formation of legal basis of the activity of private educational institutions in prerevolutionary Russia and presents the analysis of the basic laws in the sphere of non-governmental education. Keywords: non-governmental education, private educational institution, private school, public school, prerevolutionary history of Russia | 1231 | |||||
2994 | The article deals with typology of the English social-criminal novel, the reasons of its appearance in England and the interest shown in the given genre in Russia of the 19th century. The reconstruction picture of Newgate novel reception in the Russian literature will help to specify features of the given genre modification in the process of its functioning in English literature and its connection with other novel genres both in English and in Russian literature. Keywords: English social-criminal novel, typology, reception, subgenre, genre modification | 1231 | |||||
2995 | The paper presents the analysis of motivational provision of remote support of school education and organizational forms of networking in the school (data: educational institutions of Altay Territory). Keywords: motivational provision, distant education, organizational forms of networking | 1231 | |||||
2996 | The article is devoted to the problem of monitoring academic achievements in school. The author offers modern ways of assessment. Keywords: education standard, monitoring, universal learning actions, diagnose skills | 1231 | |||||
2997 | The category of interdiscourse is examined in the article. Special attention is paid to the means of explicit and implicit information transfer in polycode texts, interrelation of different types of information encoded in polycode texts to reach maximum impact on the recipient. As a means of presentation of information there is considered media discourse and polycode texts that are the content of this discourse. Keywords: discourse, interdiscourse, polycode text, precedent text, text pragmatics, media discourse | 1231 | |||||
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2999 | The article discusses the level of poverty in the example of Tomsk region in the context of post-crisis stage of development. The authors analysed the structure of income of the population at the regional level and showed specific poverty problems of Tomsk region. The operating regional system of measures of fight against poverty is given and recommendations about increase of their efficiency are offered. Keywords: crisis, poverty level, specific problems, post-crisis restoration | 1231 | |||||
3000 | The article deals with the specifics of psychosocial, cognitive and physical development of children of primary school age in relation to mental health. The main objectives of the proposed study are to establish a clear picture of the modern younger schoolchild in ontogeny in the system of theoretical concepts and empirical knowledge; the formation of a holistic approach to mental health, a special way of thinking, defined by the guiding principles of domestic and foreign psychology, modern understanding of the basic categories of developmental psychology on the segment of primary school age. Presented psychodiagnostic study of younger schoolchildren of their mental development based on the biopsychosocial approach. The result of which the data leads to the conclusion that the process of adaptation of first-graders to school depends on the characteristics of emotional and volitional and personal spheres, that is the basis of mental health. Keywords: primary school age, mental health, adaptation, ontogenesis | 1231 |