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| 1 | The article regards anthropomastic metaphor in publicistic discourse from the hermeneutic point of view, reveals its potential in creating text semantic structure, and defines the functions of the anthropomastic metaphor in publicistic discourse. Keywords: precedential anthroponym, anthropomastic metaphor, publicistic discourse, hermeneutics, metaphor functions, semantic structure | 1531 | ||||
| 2 | The migration of the youth from rural areas to big cities is one of the biggest global problems nowadays. The article deals with similarities and differences in town perception by young people aged 18 to 26, who belong to different cultures (Russian and Chinese). As a result, specific socio-cultural factors and differences in town perception among the youth are revealed, the ways of axiological conceptualization of the city by the representatives of the two cultures are distinguished and, as a result, the causes of the undergoing territorial and social transformations are identified, which allows predicting the prospects of town development in future. Keywords: the image of town, free associative experiment, concept, values, Russian and Chinese lingvocultures | 1287 | ||||
| 3 | Introduction. Terminology of IT-sphere is one of the most dynamically developing term systems. It is mainly explained by rapid technological progress in this sphere that encourages new nominations and clarification of the already existing terms. It is noteworthy that traditional one-component terms fail to meet the demands of the nomination process, as they are not able to reflect the complexity of new technical phenomena. As a result, multicomponent terms being capable of clear nominations start to numerously appear in computer terminology. At the same time, the structure and complicated meaning of multicomponent terms raise certain problems with their translation to other languages concerning the use of a variety of transformations. The aim of the research is to reveal the ways of translation of multicomponent terms belonging to IT-sphere from English into Russian taking into consideration their structural and semantic characteristics. Material and methods. The material of the research includes 500 English multicomponent terms of IT-sphere and 500 their Russian equivalents taken from the computer terms dictionary by I. V. Baratov through the method of continuous sampling. The study also uses the method of structural-semantic and translational analysis. Results and discussion. Multi-component terms in the field of information technology can be divided into three groups depending on the number of components, determined by the number of elements expressed by meaningful parts of speech: three-, four- and five-component terms. Three-component terms are the most numerous group, which is due to the desire of any language to save, only two five-component terms were found, so it is not possible to talk about the patterns of their translation. While studying the ways of translation of 3-component terms it was noted that the translator always tends to preserve the structure and meaning of the original term using calquing of the whole multicomponent term or some of its elements (44 % of cases). At the same time due to the typological differences between the English and Russian languages the translator has to resort to grammar transformations in the Russian language such as changing the order of the components, using cases and prepositions, changing parts of speech. As for the lexical transformations apart from calquing the translator uses lexical addition in case of necessary clarification of term components or description when the phenomenon denoted by the term does not exist in the Russian language. In 13 % of cases the translator resorts to equivalent when the Russian language has a shorter but capacious term expressing the same meaning as the multicomponent English term. In translation of 3-component terms in at least 13 % of cases the translator manages to preserve the structure of the original English term changing only the parts of speech of some components in case of 4-component and 5-component terms inversion or changing of the general order of the components turns out to be the key transformation. Among lexical transformations calquing of certain components, lexical addition, equivalent translation and description are used. Conclusion. The analysis of the ways of translation of multicomponent terms of IT-sphere from English into Russian revealed the dependence of grammar transformations on the typological characteristics of the languages. For example, English collocations are marked by regressive structure and post-position of the main word with an adjointment as the typical type of syntactic connection, while in the Russian language the collocations are built according to progressive structure with the preposition of the main word and government as a syntactic connection. As a result, the transformations while translating multicomponent terms from English into Russian manly include a change in the order of components, the use of cases and prepositions, and a change in parts of speech. Even in a small number of 3-component terms, it is possible to preserve the original structure of the term by replacing the parts of speech of the dependent word (a noun with an adjective) to form a collocation with an agreement as a type of syntactic connection. As for lexical transformations, among them the most commonly used are calque of one or all components of a phrase, clarification, transliteration (mainly one or two components), lexical addition and description as a lexico-grammatical transformation. It is necessary to note that due to the complexity of the structure and meaning of the multicomponent terms their adequate translation is only possible using a set of ways and methods of translation. Keywords: translation, terms of the information technology sphere, multicomponent terms, translation transformation | 1478 | ||||
| 4 | The study of different sublanguages terminosystems acquires special relevance in the context of cognitive research, in which it becomes possible to trace the specificity of comprehension of certain spheres of human life through the analysis of nomination methods, systematization and frame organization of the terminological units’ bulk. The aim of this study is to build a cognitive-frame model of the sphere “Medical Virology” in the modern Russian language. Materials and methods. The material of the study comprises the terms selected by the method of continuous sampling from educational and scientific medical literature on microbiology and virology. The main methods of the study include the descriptive method with its techniques like observation, analysis, synthesis, the method of quantitative counting, as well as linguistic methods proper, such as the method of definitional analysis, language modeling, frame analysis, comparative method, systemic-structural method of the description of language units. Results. The study determines the theoretical basis of cognitive-frame modeling, provides definitions of the main terms. The study also presents the cognitive-frame model of the subject area “Medical Virology”, which includes 6 main subframes characterized by different quantitative composition of terminological units: subframe “Nature of viruses”, subframe “Types of viruses”, subframe “Diagnosis of viruses”, subframe “Therapy of viruses”, subframe “Prevention of viruses. The hierarchical nature of this model, which involves dividing subframes into slots and, in some cases, microslots, was established. Quantitative calculations of the representation of terms in each subframe, slot and microslot are made, and examples of terms representing each subframe are given. The general analysis of the nature of relations between terms within the terminosystem “Medical Virology” is provided and hyper-hyponymic, synonymic, antonymic relations between terms are determined. The specificity of individual terminological nominations has been established. In particular, examples of metaphorical nomination are considered, a high percentage of borrowed names is found. Conclusion. The presented cognitive-frame model of the sphere “Medical Virology” is a hierarchically organized system, in which each subsequent level implements the semantics of the previous level, and allows to systematize the knowledge contained in this subject area, as well as to trace the specificity of relations between the elements of the system and the peculiarities of terminological nomination. The results of the study can be used in the practice of teaching various disciplines to medical students, as well as in lexicographic practice when compiling dictionaries of the relevant subject area. Keywords: cognitive approach, cognitive-frame model, frame, subframe, slot, medical terminology, medical virology | 65 | ||||