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| 1 | The article deals with the question of the formation of basis and main features of the theory of free education, which is gaining popularity in our days. Humanization of society, the need to create a person of a new formation evokes interest in this topic. This article provides a good look to historical change of the ideology, persons who worked hard to solve problems in sphere of education, the problems that the theory faced under the constant influence of the external, including educational environment. The article shows the interrelation of domestic philosophical thought and foreign theories. The theory of free education was born in the «natural education» of Rousseau, was picked up by many philosophers in Europe. A huge contribution to its development was made by the outstanding scholar and teacher, count L. N. Tolstoy. Similar ideas imbued with humanism expressed by E. Kay, J. Dewey and later Maria Montessori. An important point in the history of the formation of the ideas of free education were the works of K. N. Wentzel. The declaration of the rights of the child written by him outstripped, and, moreover, in future became the basis for writing of the UN Declaration of 1959 concluded the basic rights of children. The article also examines the main controversies of ideology. Criticism of individual authors about approaches to education is shown. Keywords: theory of free education, humanism in education, pedocentrism | 1729 | ||||