Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin
RU EN






Today: 02.10.2026
Home Rating
  • Home
  • Current Issue
  • Archive
    • 2026 Year
      • Issue №1
      • Issue №2
      • Issue №3
      • Issue №4
      • Issue №5
    • 2025 Year
      • Issue №1
      • Issue №2
      • Issue №3
      • Issue №4
      • Issue №5
      • Issue №6
    • 2024 Year
      • Issue №1
      • Issue №2
      • Issue №3
      • Issue №4
      • Issue №5
      • Issue №6
    • 2023 Year
      • Issue №1
      • Issue №2
      • Issue №3
      • Issue №4
      • Issue №5
      • Issue №6
    • 2022 Year
      • Issue №1
      • Issue №2
      • Issue №3
      • Issue №4
      • Issue №5
      • Issue №6
    • 2021 Year
      • Issue №1
      • Issue №2
      • Issue №3
      • Issue №4
      • Issue №5
      • Issue №6
    • 2020 Year
      • Issue №1
      • Issue №2
      • Issue №3
      • Issue №4
      • Issue №5
      • Issue №6
    • 2019 Year
      • Issue №1
      • Issue №2
      • Issue №3
      • Issue №4
      • Issue №5
      • Issue №6
      • Issue №7
      • Issue №8
      • Issue №9
    • 2018 Year
      • Issue №1
      • Issue №2
      • Issue №3
      • Issue №4
      • Issue №5
      • Issue №6
      • Issue №7
      • Issue №8
    • 2017 Year
      • Issue №1
      • Issue №2
      • Issue №3
      • Issue №4
      • Issue №5
      • Issue №6
      • Issue №7
      • Issue №8
      • Issue №9
      • Issue №10
      • Issue №11
      • Issue №12
    • 2016 Year
      • Issue №1
      • Issue №2
      • Issue №3
      • Issue №4
      • Issue №5
      • Issue №6
      • Issue №7
      • Issue №8
      • Issue №9
      • Issue №10
      • Issue №11
      • Issue №12
    • 2015 Year
      • Issue №1
      • Issue №2
      • Issue №3
      • Issue №4
      • Issue №5
      • Issue №6
      • Issue №7
      • Issue №8
      • Issue №9
      • Issue №10
      • Issue №11
      • Issue №12
    • 2014 Year
      • Issue №1
      • Issue №2
      • Issue №3
      • Issue №4
      • Issue №5
      • Issue №6
      • Issue №7
      • Issue №8
      • Issue №9
      • Issue №10
      • Issue №11
      • Issue №12
    • 2013 Year
      • Issue №1
      • Issue №2
      • Issue №3
      • Issue №4
      • Issue №5
      • Issue №6
      • Issue №7
      • Issue №8
      • Issue №9
      • Issue №10
      • Issue №11
      • Issue №12
      • Issue №13
    • 2012 Year
      • Issue №1
      • Issue №2
      • Issue №3
      • Issue №4
      • Issue №5
      • Issue №6
      • Issue №7
      • Issue №8
      • Issue №9
      • Issue №10
      • Issue №11
      • Issue №12
      • Issue №13
    • 2011 Year
      • Issue №1
      • Issue №2
      • Issue №3
      • Issue №4
      • Issue №5
      • Issue №6
      • Issue №7
      • Issue №8
      • Issue №9
      • Issue №10
      • Issue №11
      • Issue №12
      • Issue №13
    • 2010 Year
      • Issue №1
      • Issue №2
      • Issue №3
      • Issue №4
      • Issue №5
      • Issue №6
      • Issue №7
      • Issue №8
      • Issue №9
      • Issue №10
      • Issue №11
      • Issue №12
    • 2009 Year
      • Issue №1
      • Issue №2
      • Issue №3
      • Issue №4
      • Issue №5
      • Issue №6
      • Issue №7
      • Issue №8
      • Issue №9
      • Issue №10
      • Issue №11
      • Issue №12
    • 2008 Year
      • Issue №1
      • Issue №2
      • Issue №3
      • Issue №4
    • 2007 Year
      • Issue №1
      • Issue №2
      • Issue №3
      • Issue №4
      • Issue №5
      • Issue №6
      • Issue №7
      • Issue №8
      • Issue №9
      • Issue №10
      • Issue №11
    • 2006 Year
      • Issue №1
      • Issue №2
      • Issue №3
      • Issue №4
      • Issue №5
      • Issue №6
      • Issue №7
      • Issue №8
      • Issue №9
      • Issue №10
      • Issue №11
      • Issue №12
    • 2005 Year
      • Issue №1
      • Issue №2
      • Issue №3
      • Issue №4
      • Issue №5
      • Issue №6
      • Issue №7
    • 2004 Year
      • Issue №1
      • Issue №2
      • Issue №3
      • Issue №4
      • Issue №5
      • Issue №6
      • Issue №7
    • 2003 Year
      • Issue №1
      • Issue №2
      • Issue №3
      • Issue №4
      • Issue №5
    • 2002 Year
      • Issue №1
      • Issue №2
      • Issue №3
      • Issue №4
    • 2001 Year
      • Issue №1
      • Issue №2
      • Issue №3
    • 2000 Year
      • Issue №1
      • Issue №2
      • Issue №3
      • Issue №4
      • Issue №5
      • Issue №6
      • Issue №7
      • Issue №8
      • Issue №9
    • 1999 Year
      • Issue №1
      • Issue №2
      • Issue №3
      • Issue №4
      • Issue №5
      • Issue №6
      • Issue №7
    • 1998 Year
      • Issue №1
      • Issue №2
      • Issue №3
      • Issue №4
      • Issue №5
      • Issue №6
    • 1997 Year
      • Issue №1
      • Issue №2
      • Issue №3
  • Search
  • Rating
  • News
  • Editorial Board
  • Information for Authors
  • Review Procedure
  • Information for Readers
  • Editor’s Publisher Ethics
  • Contacts
  • Manuscript submission
  • Received articles
  • Accepted articles
  • Subscribe
  • Service Entrance
vestnik.tspu.ru
praxema.tspu.ru
ling.tspu.ru
npo.tspu.ru
edujournal.tspu.ru

TSPU Bulletin is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal.

E-LIBRARY (РИНЦ)
Ulrich's Periodicals Directory
Google Scholar
European reference index for the humanities and the social sciences (erih plus)
Search by Author
- Not selected -
  • - Not selected -
Яндекс.Метрика
  • 118
  • 119
  • 120
  • 121
  • 122
  • 123
  • 124
  • 125
  • 126
  • 127

Page 123 of 139

- Not selected -
  • - Not selected -
- Not selected -
  • - Not selected -
#ArticleDownloads
6101

Golubtsova A.A. SHOCK WAVES IN LIFSHITZ-LIKE BACKGROUNDS AND HOLOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION OF QGP. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2014. Issue 12 (153). P. 94-99

A holographic duality between gravitation and field theories with a Lifshitz scaling symmetry has recently aroused much attention. We consider Lifshitz-like backgrounds in the context of their applications to the anisotropic quark-gluon plasma created in heavy-ion collisions. We construct shock waves geometries for Lifshitz-like metrics1. For the geometry of two colliding Lifshitz domain walls the areas of trapped surfaces are calculated. According to the holographic approach, the multiplicity of particles produced in heavy-ion collisions can be estimated by the area of the trapped surface. We show that in the 5-dimensional case the dependence of multiplicity on the energy of colliding ions can fit the experimental data observed at RHIC and LHC.

Keywords: Lifshitz-like metrics, shock waves, trapped surface, holography, quark-gluon plasma

1720
6102

Mekhrizi M.A., Avval A.M. ADAPTIVE COMPARISON OF THE CONCEPT OF GOVERNANCE IN RUSSIAN AND PERSIAN LANGUAGES. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2022. Issue 1 (219). P. 141-148

Introduction. By the method of comparative research, the concepts of governance in the Russian and Persian languages are considered and compared. At the same time, an emphasis is placed on the common Indo-European root of these two languages. The purpose of this study is a better understanding of governance in the Russian language and the identification of the presence of governance in the Persian language, which, in addition to its definition in Persian, tries to consider its aspects based on the Russian language, such as strong and weak, direct and indirect, and functions that perform dependent words. The materials of this article are grammar guides in both languages and specialized books on the topic of governance, especially in Russian. Consideration of governance in Russian. Governance in the Russian language undoubtedly exists, only there are some moments in its full-fledged existence as its delimitation with adjoining, which in this work explains their difference. Consideration of the presence or absence of governance in Persian. The presence of governance in the Persian language is controversial, but this work proves that it exists, but in comparison with the Russian language, it is expressed differently. Comparison of governance in Russian and Persian. Governance in the Russian language is more elaborate, therefore it is used as a template and on its basis the governance in the Persian language is considered. Conclusion. In conclusion, the main results of research are drawn about the comparison of governance in both given languages, in connection with which facts are revealed such as the usage of the postposition – را in many cases is similar to the governance masculine gender accusative case, as well as the presence of strong and weak, direct and indirect governance. The results of this study can be effective in teaching Russian or Persian.

Keywords: consideration, governance, language, Russian, Persian, grammar, presence, absence

1720
6103

Porotova T.I. .. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 1998. Issue 6 (9). P. 59-64

.

1719
6104

Skripko Z.A., Filatova N.O. Structurization of the educational information during training to physics at modern school. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2007. Issue 6 (69). P. 105-109

In Skripko Z.A., Filatovoj N.O.'s article value of structurization of the educational information is considered during training to physics in conditions of profile training. It is shown, that the information of a natural-science material should be structured in view of the purposes and tasks of a subject, and also psychological features of pupils. Examples of the various approach to led structurization of the same teaching material in classes humanitarian and natural-science structures

1719
6105

Zagaynov A.Z., Skipina E.S. THE PROCESS OF INDIVIDUALIZATION OF LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS ON THE ELECTRIC AND RADIO ENGINEERING IN PEDAGOGICAL HIGHER SCHOOL. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2011. Issue 4 (106). P. 48-54

Didactic vocational training of students in the course of an individualization of training demands use of more optimal methods.

Keywords: individualization, problem tasks, programmed grant, control of knowledge, informative interest, thinking

1719
6106

Pecheritsa E.I. FEATURES OF CITIZENSHIP QUALITIES FORMATION BY MEANS OF SCHOOL MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2011. Issue 4 (106). P. 112-116

The article contains the main results of the research work, which has been done to explore the foundation of citizenship qualities of teenagers by means of multicultural education.

Keywords: multiculturalism, multicultural education, citizenship qualities, intercultural communication

1719
6107

Shchipkova E.A. INTERMEDIATE SPACE IN THE NOVEL “IOKASTA`S DREAM” BY S. BOGDANOVA. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2011. Issue 11 (113). P. 168-174

This paper focuses on the role of the intermediate (conditional) space for the time and space organization of the modernist novel “Iokasta’s Dream” by S. Bogdanova. The existence of this space is shown to be very important not only for revealing the character, but for plot-building of the whole novel.

Keywords: modern literature, modernism, myth, Oedipus, artistic space, plot

1719
6108

Smyshlyaev E.A. CHELYABINSK POETIC TEXT AS A CULTURAL MODEL. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2014. Issue 11 (152). P. 115-118

The article examines the poetry of modern Chelyabinsk authors as a single local text, as a model of culture, characterized by the qualities peculiar to the regional phenomenon: use of local toponyms, motives and lifestyles of the city suburbs and a wide range of individual artistic practices. To show the different facets of contemporary Chelyabinsk poetry and to trace the development and formation of the Chelyabinsk text we studied the creative works of the writers of opposing literary strategies – N.F. Boldyrev and Ya. Grants, whose creative work is an important part of the literary process in the region. Along with the other poets and writers of the Urals, they create a general panorama of regional text. Its distinctive features are: following productive traditions of Russian literature and the search for new forms of expression.

Keywords: motive, image, genre, poetics, regional text, cultural model, N. F. Boldyrev, Ya. Grants

1719
6109

Volkova T.F. TRAINING OF CHINESE STUDENTS IN PHYSICS AND TECHNICAL SPECIALTY TO PERCEPTION OF THE AUTHENTIC RUSSIAN LANGUAGE SPECIAL MATERIAL. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2015. Issue 4 (157). P. 66-69

The article describes the specifics of training of Chinese students of physical and technical profile to the perception of authentic material in the specialty using training innovative manuals. Tackling language material for the manual was due to educational and professional activities of students, peculiarities of the technical communication. The sequence of presentation from the word to the text reflects the understanding of authentic material from “recognition” of the words (phrases, cliches) to its context use and independent use in speech and in the production of secondary texts (written and oral). This logic of the material is motivated primarily by the features of teaching chinese-speaking students to a foreign language (Russian). As a result, the complex of tasks focused on the development and improvement of all types of speech activity in the field of professional communication is presented.

Keywords: Russian as a foreign language, methodology, technical skills, tutorial, scientific style of speech

1719
6110

Stepanjuk A.V., Bak V.F. THE REFLECTION OF THE TREND OF INTEGRATION OF SCIENCE AND ETHICS IN THE CONTENT OF SCHOOL SUBJECT “BIOLOGY”. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2015. Issue 7 (160). P. 38-44

The article examines the experience of learning biology by high school students through the integration of natural sciences and ethics knowledge. Affirms the idea that modern discoveries in the field of natural science is drastically changing the methodology of knowledge. This promotes the formation of a new holistic worldview based on a systematic approach. The System approach in science reflects modern ideas of an interconnected world, and in pedagogy argues humanistic attitude. The model of integration of natural-science and ethical knowledge of school students is developed. At the implementation of this model for integrating the natural sciences and ethical knowledge, biological knowledge is taught on the basis of the unity of the universal laws of nature and morality, which contributes to development of students’ ethical respect for all living things. As a result of realization of model of integration the school subject “Biology” acquires the features of the training course, which aims to create worldview. Integration model provides specific teaching methods based on the “emotional experience” of educational material that may subject a deep interest in the student-teacher communication and collaboration. Within the school course “Biology” the law of analogies following from the main principle of creation of Genesis, known from antiquity as the law of unity macro – and a microcosm is used. The integrated facultative course for 11 classes “Biology Philosophy” and a methodical grant “Biology by Heart language” are developed. The conducted research confirms that the content of biological education has to be based on new scientific knowledge and philosophical ideas, which include the person and his inner world in a cognizable picture of the world.

Keywords: integration of science and ethics, systematic approach, methodology of knowledge, educational course “Biology”, model, students

1719
6111

Ulyanova U.A. COMBINATORIAL SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF MILITARY COLLOCATIONS IN MILITARY POLITICAL DISCOURSE. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2022. Issue 3 (221). P. 67-74

Introduction. The article is devoted to military collocations as a variety of terminological collocations limited to the sphere of military and military political discourse. The combinatorial semantic analysis of collocations with the component hybrid, extracted from military political texts published on the official website of NATO has been carried out in the article. The research novelty of the paper is in describing of variety of terminological collocations, in particular military collocations. The aim is to carry out combinatorial semantic analysis of collocations with the component hybrid in the English military political discourse. Material and methods. The main methods of the research are combinatorial semantic analysis, continuous sampling method, as well as frequency analysis. The material of the research was texts of speeches of NATO Secretary General (74 contexts), dictionaries of collocations and English explanatory dictionaries. Results of discussion. Based on the analysis of theoretical material on the nature of terminological collocations, military collocations as one of the subtypes of terminological collocations functioning in military political discourse have been identified and described. Depending on the presence or absence of a term in the collocation, two subtypes of military collocations have been distinguished: military terminological collocations and military collocations of terms. The main difference between military terminological collocations and military collocations of terms is that in military collocations of terms both the node and the collocation is the term. Military collocations of terms have a rich combinatorial potential and can be considered as polythematic units of language, because the node and collocate are a combination of different thematic areas (military and biosphere) in such collocations. The combinatorial potential of military terminological collocations with the component hybrid is limited by the context in case the node does not belong to the military sphere. Conclusion. As a result it is argued that the formation of military collocations of terms with the component hybrid is based on iterative sema while military terminological collocations are formed on the basis of a common classeme. The research perspectives is in identification of occasional military collocations in military publicistic texts and the analysis of combinatorial mechanisms in collocations of this kind. The obtained results can be used in compiling dictionaries of collocations in the military and military political sphere.

Keywords: military collocation, military terminological collocation, military collocation of terms, military political discourse, combinatorial semantic analysis

1719
6112

Nikitina E.Y. Technology of problem training, in system of higher education. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2007. Issue 6 (69). P. 91-95

The article has the summarized materials of the experimental work on organizing the problem teaching in higher education. The article contains the ways of the planning of educational process at physics lessons at the “Technology and Professional Pedagogical Education” Department. The results of the experiment on testing and installation the problem teaching technology are presented. The author of the article is Nikitina Elena Urievna the assistant of the chair of physics of the Biysk State Pedagogical University named after V. M. Shukshin, the post-gradient student of the chair of pedagogy

1718
6113

Sokolova E.Y. ON-LINE EDUCATIONAL ENGLISH FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES (ESP) COMPLEX. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2012. Issue 4 (119). P. 59-63

The article focuses on the experience of the development of on-line English for special purposes complex based on Modular Object-Oriented Dynamic Learning Environment (MOODLE) intended for students who need foreign language skills for special purposes. It ensures complete motivation through interesting and enjoyable language activities and tasks that are developed by means of interactive media and multimedia technologies.

Keywords: on-line educational English for specifi c purposes complex (ESP), Modular Object-Oriented Dynamic Learning Environment (MOODLE), foreign language for special purposes, interactive media, multimedia technologies, motivation

1718
6114

Dementyeva T.M. THE PRINCIPLES OF SELECTION OF ACTIVE SPECIAL VOCABULARY IN PROFESSIONALLY FOCUSED GERMAN LANGUAGE TEACHING IN THE FIELD OF LAW. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2016. Issue 12 (177). P. 136-142

The article deals with the problem of selection of active special vocabulary minimum for teaching German to the students of bachelor programmes studying Law. It gives the reason for usage of methodological and a number of linguistic principles of selection of active special lexical units taking into account the specifics of the subject and interdisciplinary language training, linguistic and extra-linguistic features of judicial language. The choice of special vocabulary is based on the analysis of domestic and foreign terminological research in the field of law. The methodical principles are determining in case of the choice of the corresponding types of the original German legal texts acting as a source of basic special vocabulary of the studied branches of law. In case of selection of active special lexicon, first of all, of all-legal, law branches related and interrelated legal terms the linguistic principles are fundamental: semantic, word-formation value and polysemy of lexical units.

Keywords: language of law, special vocabulary, legal terms, legal texts, branches of law

1718
6115

Pronina A.N., Emelyanova I.D. THE INTERRELATION OF FOSTER PARENTS’ COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE AND THE SOCIALIZATION OF PRESCHOOL AGED CHILDREN ENROLLED IN A FAMILY. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2017. Issue 12 (189). P. 162-168

There is a speculation on the relationship of communicative competence of foster parents and socialization of children in substitute (foster) families. Comparative analysis of indicators of communicative competence of foster parents and socialization of children of preschool age allowed to determine their direct relationship. Identified in foster family high level of communication in different spheres (life, cognition, social world, inner world of a child) corresponds to the high level of socialization of preschool children enrolled in a family. The results of diagnosis of foster parents, demonstrating the restriction of communication on the topics of social orientation or the lack of it on any of the scales correspond to the results of characterizing the low level of formation of the structural components of socialization of children. Foster parents who have restricted the content of communication on the topics of social orientation, will not be able to give children complete, specific knowledge and skills of social orientation. The conducted diagnostic study confirms the crucial importance for the socialization of children in foster family communicative competence of parents. It is also an important condition for the correction of existing shortcomings of the communicative activities of children in a foster family. The obtained results of the diagnostic study suggest the need for correction of the behaviour of many parents in relation to their foster children.

Keywords: communicative competence, socialization of children-orphans, foster parents, foster children, foster family

1718
6116

Kruglova L.V., Kemler N., Baturina O.A. TEACHING WELL-SUPPORTED ARGUMENTATION IN FOREIGN-LANGUAGE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATION. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2018. Issue 4 (193). P. 173-177

The subject of study is the problem of forming skills of well-supported argumentation in the process of mastering German scientific discourse for advanced foreign language students. Being confident in the knowledge of norms and rules of written and oral communication behaviour appears to be a necessary basis for efficient integration of students into the world scientific community. In the opinion of both researchers and students, the phenomenon of Argumentation, which is the main element of the scientific style of communication, causes particular difficulties. Following the logic of the chosen focus, the following authentic German educational publications are analysed: 1) „Mittelpunkt neu C1. Deutsch als Fremdsprache für Fortgeschrittene“; 2) „Wissenschaftsdeutsch. Argumentationsstrukturen – Sprachhandlungen – Ausdruck von Emotionen“; 3) „Klipp und Klar: Übungsgrammatik für die Mittelstufe B2/C1“. The analysis reveals their methodological potential, the strong and weak sides of the methodological approaches. In the first two textbooks, there are signs of a certain superficiality and fragmentation in the presentation of the material. The educational publication „Klipp und Klar: Übungsgrammatik für die Mittelstufe B2/C1“ however is different from the first two as it presents a holistic view of the ways of structuring a reasoned statement in German, taking into account elements of all levels. Practical recommendations on the development of the argumentative competence on the productive and receptive levels of language proficiency are formulated. The problem of teaching written or oral well-supported argumentation within the framework of scientific discourse requires further study, especially in the context of mastering communication learning strategies for students at an advanced level of learning a foreign language in a situation of p rofessionally-oriented scientific dialogue.

Keywords: scientific discourse, well-supported argumentation, German language teaching, linguistic means of argumentation

1718
6117

Redaktsiya .. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 1998. Issue 4 (7). P. 78-78

.

1717
6118

Ivanova E.O. .. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 1999. Issue 5 (14). P. 3-6

.

1717
6119

Rudin I.V., Kormilitsin A.V., Kochurina N.A. Social and biological constituents in role representations on long-term partnership by female junior university students. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2011. Issue 6 (108). P. 120-123

Social and biological constituents in role representations on long-term partnership by female junior university students were studied The study revealed strong discrepancies between biological and social constituents. Subjects postpone marriage and bearing children for an indefinite period while having a concurrent sizable value of family. Female junior students considered more attractive males with masculine face in the context of long-term partnership. Despite, they expected role behavioral pattern that was not distinctive for masculine males.

Keywords: long-term partnership, biological evolution, social evolution, masculinity, femininity.

1717
6120

Chaykovskaya O.N., Kalachikova O.N. POTENTIAL OF PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING TECHNOLOGY FOR THE ORGANIZATION OF EDUCATIONAL PROCESS AT CLASSICAL UNIVERSITY. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2016. Issue 12 (177). P. 82-87

The paper examines the questions of solving problems of using potential of Problem-Based Learning (PBL) technology for organization of educational process in a classical university, which is specialized on fundamental preparation of students in various areas of physics. Shows the experience of preparation of PBL-implantation project at one of the university’s departments. Presents the results of determination of problems of transitional management in order to implicate PBL technology in organization of educational process. The article focuses on definition of problems of university departments’ directors and educational programs at a classical university.

Keywords: PBL, educational management, fundamental education, physics

1717
6121

Bolotnova N.S. .. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 1998. Issue 6 (9). P. 6-8

.

1716
6122

Gerget O.M. .. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 1999. Issue 7 (16). P. 74-75

.

1716
6123

Fedotova V.S. PRAXEOLOGICAL MODEL FOR ORGANIZING RESEARCH STUDENTS. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2010. Issue 12 (102). P. 36-40

The article represents a model to establish students’ research that meets the requirements of contemporary education. Terms and principles of its successful implementation are also explored. The model is based on a praxiological approach that provides a holistic perception of the problem as well as its solving with the purpose of achieving the highest result.

Keywords: praxiological model, research, research competence, praxiological environment, praxiological approach, organizational and educational terms, research activity establishment.

1716
6124

Nasyrova E.F. The modular Teaching University students in the credit system. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2011. Issue 6 (108). P. 18-20

The article represents the theoretical bases of the modular teaching, the structural elements of a module and the components of the modular teaching. The matter subject of the credit system is also introduced.

Keywords: modular teaching, module, educational element, rating, credits, academic credits.

1716
6125

Timoshkin A.V. Dark energy with special form inhomogeneous equation of state. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2011. Issue 8 (110). P. 20-23

The four-dimensional flat Friedman universe filled with ideal fluid with a nonlinear inhomogeneous equation of state depending on time is considered. The equations of motion are solved. It is shown that in some cases there appears a quasi-periodical universe. On the other hand, such dark fluid models may also describe quintessence-like cosmic acceleration. The appearance of future singularities resulting from various choices for the input parameters is discussed.

Keywords: темная энергия, космологическая сингулярность, космическое ускорение

1716
6126

Panfilova S.S. PRAGMATICS OF EVALUATIVE TEXTS: A HYPERTEXT APPROACH. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2013. Issue 10 (138). P. 36-41

The article considers the hypertextuality phenomenon in the framework of literary discourse. Particularly, a study of English praise texts is being carried out in order to reveal their hypertext potential of literary texts verbalization by adjective models. The research results in the conclusion about domination of emotional content over its evaluative content in evaluative texts.

Keywords: hypertextuality, evaluative text, literary discourse, adjective

1716
6127

Erdynieva V.B. THE PROBLEM OF INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL ADOLESCENTS IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESULTS OF EDUCATION. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2016. Issue 4 (169). P. 9-13

The article presents the analysis of intellectual development, personal peculiarities of rural and urban Buryat adolescents. It is revealed that rural adolescents aged 11–15 years do not demonstrate the dynamics of intellectual development, show low level of verbal logical thinking and such underdeveloped universal educational actions as analysis, synthesis, generalization, etc. The article substantiates the necessity of taking into account the personal peculiarities in the process of adolescent’s intellectual development. Emphasizes basic criteria and indicators of interdisciplinary and personal results as well as the methods of their evaluation, used in the research. Represents for discussion the stages of intellectual development of rural adolescents in the context of modern Federal State Education Standard.

Keywords: interdisciplinary results of education, intellectual development, personal peculiarities, ethnic peculiarities, verbal logical thinking, urban and rural adolescents

1716
6128

Varda V.E. PROBLEM OF EASTERN KHANTY PREVERBS CLASSIFICATION. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2016. Issue 6 (171). P. 46-49

The paper reviews preverbs of Eastern Khanty dialects. The main focus of the discussion is to summarize and to make a classification of these units of speech. The analysis is carried out from the functional semantic point of view. Preverbs are adverbial, usually lative, particles that modify spatial characteristic of the verbs they are used with. Usually preverbs go before the verb and are connected with it morphologically and syntactically. Seldom, a negative particle, direct object or an auxiliary particle may occur between them. Preverbs are believed to be a separate part of speech because from the point of view of phonetics they do not form a single word with a verb that follows. Preverbs may be classified according to the following points: 1) source meaning; 2) functional and semantic characteristics; 3) ability to carry out a perfectivation function; 4) a type of verb.

Keywords: Khanty, preverb, perfectivation, preverbal particle, source meaning

1716
6129

Yurchenkova E.Y. ON THE ETHNOCULTURAL BACKGROUND OF THE PLANT NAMES MOTIVATED BY THEIR HABITAT (BASED ON RUSSIAN AND GERMAN DATA). Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2016. Issue 11 (176). P. 95-100

The article deals with the plant names motivated by their habitat. The study relies on regional and common names that belong to Russian and German traditional nomenclatures of plants and derive from animal names by a metonymic transfer. The author reveals common and particular bases of such transfer. First of all, the transfer may take place in both Russian and German if habitat of a plant concurs with habitat of an animal. Such correlation implies seven coincident habitats. Five of them are common in Russian and German. They are 1) woods, 2) fields and meadows, 3) waters, 4) marshes and 5) shadow places. The one habitat specific in Russian is steppe; the one specific in German is rocks and mountains. The other common bases of metonymic transfer are ‘habitat of a plant concurs with shelter of an animal, and concurs with a place animal usually prefers to stay or visit. To the specific German bases belong the following two: habitat of a plant concurs with pasture of an animal; and habitat of a plant concurs with a place for animal to breed. Another aim of the article is to show how important the ethnocultural background is for plants’ nomination. Common symbolism in Russian and German ethnocultures have such animals and birds like wolf, bear, deer, hare, snake, frog, toad, duck, swan and crane. That is the reason plants with similar habitat have similar names in both languages. Different ethnocultural meaning have elk, woodpecker, raven, crow and magpie (in Russian); as well as chamois, fox, cuckoo, stork, swine, cow, sheep and goat (in German).

Keywords: nomination, habitat, metonymic transfer, plant name, animal name, ethnoculture, the traditional nomenclature of plants

1716
6130

Churkin M.K. Legal Ideas of the Native Residents and Settlers of Siberia and their Embodiment in Land-relation in the Period after the Reform (1861-1914). Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2003. Issue 5 (37). P. 96-98

The issues of legal culture and legal ideas of the peasantry population of Russia in the process of agra¬rian colonization of the regions behind the Urals are analyzed in the article. M.K. Churkin, generally ac¬cepting the thesis of the predominant role of the re¬gular legal grounds in the mentality of peasants, still believes that the measures taken in the post-refor¬mation period couldn't help influencing legal mentali¬ty of the peasants of European Russia. New ideas of law predominance in the social and economical life (mainly in agriculture) were transferred by the Rus¬sian settlers in 70* - 90th of the 19th century and at the beginning of 20th century to the colonized regions of Siberia. At the same time the legal ideas of the peasants - settlers and native residents of Siberia (whose mentality was formed in the condition of state remoteness and land expanse) often differed greatly which caused the land conflicts.

1715
6131

Dzhakhbarov Y.A., Makhmudova D.M. LEGAL VALUES, GOALS AND PRINCIPLES IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND THE MAINTENANCE OF SOCIAL ORDER. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2015. Issue 5 (158). P. 86-91

The author substantiates the necessity of conducting criminal proceedings, based on the performance of fundamental legal values, purposes and principles. Permanent legal values, goals and principles in the Russian criminal procedure find an appropriate theoretical, conceptual, institutional, legislative and practical reflection in the form of specific legislative provisions, prosecutorial investigative and judicial decisions. The author discusses the principles of the Russian criminal proceedings as a whole system, in which the content and direction of the actions of a single principle depends on the direction and action steps of other related principles. Scientific significance: on the basis of address specific criminal procedure objectives and principles by which Russian courts seek to identify the true circumstances of the criminal case and their solid basis make fair decisions and judgments in order to strengthen social order, identified the need to complement the constitutional principle of equality of arms, as well as an unforgettable principle of comprehensive, complete and objective examination of the materials of the criminal case for the purpose of revealing the true circumstances of the case and make an informed, fair and legitimate judicial decisions and sentencing. Practical significance: the results of the study can be used in the development and implementation of measures for prevention of crimes in modern practice.

Keywords: legal values, criminal justice, judiciary, legal principles, criminal procedure principles, lawyer help, "conviction of conscience”

1715
6132

Astrahan N.I. ASPECTS OF INTERPRETIVE MODELING OF THE LYRIC LITERARY WORK (ON THE MATERIAL OF THE POEM OF O. E. MANDELSTAM “AS THE CLOUD HEART DRESSED…”). Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2015. Issue 10 (163). P. 128-134

The article is an attempt to build a literary interpretation model of the lyrical work (poem of O. E. Mandelstam “As the cloud heart dressed…”). It deals with the aspects of relating analytical and interpretive modeling in the process of literary understanding of the literary work. Analytical model of artistic text is based on the selection and descriptions of the author’s interpretative models – significant elements of different levels of the structure of a literary text, which in the course of the reader's perception draw interpretation vectors.

Keywords: analysis of literary text, interpretation of a literary work, modeling of literary criticism

1715
6133

Khadynskaya A.A. GEORGY SHENGELI: CULTURAL ISOLATION AS A POETIC STRATEGY. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2022. Issue 6 (224). P. 145-155

Introduction. This article examines cultural isolation as a form of poetic behavior by Georgy Shengeli, one of the representatives of “Moscow Acmeism” of the first half of the 20th century, consciously chosen by the poet as a reaction to the ideological pressure of the Soviet state in the field of literary policy. The purpose is to trace the formation of this author’s strategy, its causes and reflection in the poet’s lyrics. Material and methods. The methodology of research assumes a literary interpretation of lyrical texts based on the aesthetics and poetics of Acmeism, using the method of intertextual analysis and comparative method of analysis of the poetic text, involving historical commentary. Results and discussion. Georgy Shengeli’s lyrics have rarely attracted the attention of literary critics for the analysis of their poetics; our study is designed to consider the influence of Acmeism on the poetic fabric of texts from different periods of the author’s work, to discover the similarity of the aesthetic and outlook of the poet to the emigrant lyrics, the main theme of which was nostalgia, caused by the forced cultural isolation. Conclusion. Georgy Shengeli’s lyrics fully reflect the strategy of cultural isolation chosen by the poet as the only possible option for creative existence at a time of active promotion of official Soviet art. The poet regarded his “departure” into the world of Culture as a mission for its preservation, voluntarily undertaken as an heir to the Silver Age of Russian poetry. Shengeli, who knew the first generation of great names of the early 20th century, considered as his duty to continue his work as a younger and one of the last in the cohort of poets who did not leave their homeland in the throes of its tragic trials. His experience of forced “retreat into the literary underground” was akin to the emigrant experience of refugee poets resulting from the separation from their native cultural soil. The obvious affinity is largely explained by the commonality of the “cultural womb” of Acmeism, which nurtured Shengeli and his fellow emigrants. The idea of preserving the traditions of Russian literature in the Word unites the poets who live on different sides of the border, and once again proves the vagueness of these borders for a united great Russian culture.

Keywords: Georgy Shengeli, “Moscow acmeism”, cultural isolation, acmeist traditions, “internal emigration”

1715
6134

Reviakina V.I. .. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 1999. Issue 5 (14). P. 19-21

.

1714
6135

Zhukova O.A. The Integration of the Science and the Education as the Problem of the Aksiology. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2000. Issue 7 (23). P. 35-37

This is a problem of the values the determination of the main values to this integration in our crisis-ridden world. These values must correspond at allevents to the values of the modern postnoclassical science and the new tendency in the education.

1714
6136

Lysenkova Z.V. Recreation Use of Nature: from Theory to Practice. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2006. Issue 6 (57). P. 79-82

The course «Recreation Use of Nature» intended for masters is considered in the paper. Arising questions and problems are discussed

1714
6137

Ovcharov A.V. Andragogical Model of Increasing to Qualifications of Teachers in the Field of Computer Technologies. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2006. Issue 6 (57). P. 140-145

The process of informatization of system of formation is analysed In article in Russia. It Is Shown by that central section in this process is a school teacher. They Are Analysed the models of increasing to qualifications of teacher in the field of computer technologies, is offered andragogical model of preparing the teacher to use the computer technologies in professional activity

1714
6138

Guzeeva A.V. LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL RESEARCH OF STUDENTS PHILOLOGISTS OF TOMSK STATE PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY ON THE MATERIAL OF THE POLISH AND RUSSIAN MASS MEDIA. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2014. Issue 2 (143). P. 71-75

Media are recognized by the social translator of significant values and ideas, particularly, the development of inter-ethnic tolerance and dispel xenophobia. The messages are the most correct material for the analysis of the verbal model of ethnic and cultural images that exists among the social, political, cultural, social, and are the rich research base not only for established linguists, but also students as well, in particular by students philologists of Tomsk State Pedagogical University.

Keywords: medialingvistics, the media and ethno-cultural image of Poland and Russia, linguistic and cultural research of students philologists

1714
6139

Malakhova O.Y. PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF PROFESSIONAL AND PERSONAL SELF-DETERMINATION OF THE FUTURE SPECIALIST IN MODERN SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CONDITIONS. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2016. Issue 9 (174). P. 98-102

Considers psycho-pedagogical definitions of concepts “self-determination”, “professional self-determination”, “self-identity” and “competitiveness”; analyzes their targets, vectors, dominant, characteristics and relationship in the context of professional-personal identity of the future specialist during his study at the University. Examines the psychological and pedagogical approaches to the consideration of the nature of the phenomenon of self-determination; the interrelation of the investigated process with the formation of a complex professional and personal qualities – professionalism, projecting a determining condition of the perspective competitiveness of a future specialist. Substantiates the strategic role of personal activity in successful professional and personal self-determination and the growth of the future specialist. Focuses on the potential of professional and personal self-determination as an integral process in the context of the requirements of the Federal state educational standard requirements to the graduates in the current economic and socio-cultural realities.

Keywords: self-determination, competitiveness of a future specialist, professional and personal selfdetermination of the student

1714
6140

Fayzullayeva E.D., Moga N.D. SUPERVISION IN PROFESSIONAL PREPARATION OF TEACHERS FOR WORKING WITH CHILDREN WITH DEVELOPMENTAL ISSUES. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2016. Issue 9 (174). P. 128-134

The article discusses practice oriented form of educating students of pedagogical institution in working with children with developmental issues. Presents the technology of supervision as a universal method of professional preparation that ensures involvement of a future teacher in having experience of partnership with colleagues, students. Describes are stages of realizing supervision by a teacher - who teaches at the pedagogical institution and who is a carrier of technologies in working with children. Presents the experience of realizing the supervision technology in working with students of “pedagogical education” and “specialized (defectological) education. Recognizes the effects of realizing such way of professionally educating student in a form of value-sensible experiences, conscious relation to pedagogical activity with children with developmental issues, acquiring experience of constructive interaction with colleagues – partners-supervisors, acquiring first hand experience in realizing professional working activities.

Keywords: supervision, professional education, special training, practical oriented way, work with children with developmental issues

1714
6141

Orlova O.V., Wang Y. Network diaspora discourse: definition of the concept. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2024. Issue 1 (231). P. 7-14

The article is of review-theoretical nature and contains an analysis of the works of linguists and representatives of other branches of humanitarian knowledge, who have contributed to the development of the problems of language and linguistic existence of personality, first – in the new digital space, and second – outside the metropolis in the field of strong influence of other linguocultures. The aim of this paper is to formulate a definition that most relevantly characterizes the current state of such an object of contemporary discursive research as network diaspora discourse. In the section «Network discourse: approaches to research» against the background of related terms and concepts the choice of the term network discourse is justified, its broad and narrow understanding is described. The narrow understanding of the term is characteristic of the discursive approach to the analysis of speech communication with the emphasis on the following characteristics: realization in social networks, informal communication of users united by a common interest, the possibility of free access to it. In the section “Network discourse of diaspora communities” the formation and maintenance of the network collective identity is outlined as one of the priority missions of any Internet community, such phenomenon of modern reality as digital diasporas is defined, and the modern Russian-speaking digital diaspora is presented as a network community united by the Russian language and the collective task of sociocultural adaptation in a new country. Network diaspora discourse is a special kind of texts of network communication of representatives of diaspora communities, immersed in the situation of reception and interpretation of various aspects of foreign reality. Diaspora network discourse always has a specific linguistic embodiment (Russian-speaking, French-speaking, etc.) and can be presented both as a universalia in the form of network speech interaction of the global community of speakers outside the metropolis, and as a set of local variants-uniques in the form of network s peech interaction of diaspora communities of specific countries and regions.

Keywords: network diaspora discourse, digital diaspora

1714
6142

Zotkin A.O. .. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 1998. Issue 4 (7). P. 76-77

.

1713
6143

Mikhaylova E.N. Research Activity of Teachers in the System of the Continuous Pedagogical Formation. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2007. Issue 7 (70). P. 32-34

This article is dedicated to questions of the development of the system of continuous pedagogical formation in Russia and defines the role of the research activity of teachers as the subjects of its professional-personal formation

1713
6144

Kiryushina O.N. FACTORS OF RAISING EFFICIENCY OF RESEARCH PREPARATION OF TEACHERS. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2011. Issue 13 (115). P. 231-238

The article deals with theoretical study of developing research activity and scientific methods in modern education. The author offers the approach of intensification of formation of knowledge and skills of the teachers promoting an optimum choice, an effective utilization and adequate presentation of scientific methods of research.

Keywords: research activity, scientific methods, professional training, intensification, typology, model, presentation

1713
6145

Trubchenko T.G., Eremin V.V. Urgent Questions of Realization of the Mechanism of Formation of the Integrated Corporate Structures in Timber Industry Sphere. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2007. Issue 9 (72). P. 73-75

The article considers the mechanism of organizational designing ICS (integrated corporate structure). The purposes, principles and stages of creation ICS, including timber industry enterprises are selected. The distinctions of the approaches to orgprojecting and creation ICS are disclosed. The generalized circuit of stages of creation ICS is offered

1712
6146

Drozdetskaya I.A. RESULTS OF RESEARCH OF IDENTIFICATION OF DEVIATION LEVEL AMONG YOUNG TEENAGERS IN COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOLS. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2011. Issue 10 (112). P. 157-161

The results of research of various respondents’ groups to identify the level of deviation among children and teenagers – schoolchildren of comprehensive schools in Tomsk are presented and interpreted in the article.

Keywords: level of deviation, young teenagers, deviant behaviour, “risk groups”, social-pedagogical following and support.

1712
6147

Maksimova O.A., Chervonnyy M.A. PECULIARITIES OF DEVELOPMENT AND COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION OF THE QUALITY OF EDUCATIONAL TESTS USED FOR MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF THE QUALITY OF EDUCATION OF RURAL STUDENTS. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2011. Issue 13 (115). P. 82-87

The article deals with scientific and methodological foundations of development and technology complex examination of pedagogical tests for monitoring and evaluating the quality of teaching in rural schools. The authors show features of application testing technology in the learning process. The authors offer approaches to improve the quality of educational tests.

Keywords: educational testing, testing technology, criteria for the quality of teacher testing, complex examination of the quality of the test, taxonomy of educational objectives

1712
6148

Yurchenkova E.Y. BERRY NAMES AS A REFLECTION OF THE FOLK NOTIONS OF ANIMAL WORLD (BASED ON RUSSIAN AND GERMAN DATA). Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2015. Issue 10 (163). P. 62-68

The article deals with comparative ethnolinguistic analysis of the Russian and German berries names that derive from animal names. The study bases on more than 400 dialectal names of 25 botanic genuses. The study relies on exposure and comparison of phytonyms nominational features and motivations. The analysis revealed a number of universal nominational features that are common in Russian and German. These are such features as “plant injuriousness (toxicity)”, “plant’s locus”, “eating of berries by animals”, “berries inedibility for the human”, “plant “falsity” (within phytonymic oppositions), “plant habitus and characteristics” and “household use of plant”. There was also identified one unique nominational feature “smell (taste) of plant” in German. The most frequent of zoonyms, reflecting the listed nominational features, are волк ‘wolf’, медведь ‘bear’, собака ‘dog’, ворон (а) ‘raven (crow)’ and сорока ‘magpie’ in Russian as well as Wolf ‘wolf’, Hund ‘dog’, Sau ‘swine’, Geiß ‘goat’, Schlange ‘snake’, Kröte ‘toad’ and Vogel ‘bird’ in German. In conclusion, the author describes the names of the berries that should be recognized as corrupt or reanalyzed forms and indicates the phytonyms, which nominational features require further research.

Keywords: phytonym (plant name), zoonym (animal name), nominational feature, ethnolinguistics, berry, the Russian language, the German language

1712
6149

Okholina I.E. LEXICOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION OF THE CONCEPT “HOBBY” (BASED ON THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE). Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2016. Issue 6 (171). P. 16-19

The article offers a brief description of one of the most significant concepts for the English culture – “hobby”. The research of the content of the modern concept “hobby” in the English lingua-culture is based on the study of the English Dictionaries. The study also reveals the features of the formation of “hobby” as a lexical unit of the English language. At the present time English hobby is considered to be one of the types of “serious leisure” and the English concept “hobby” is getting a feature of usefulness and importance, and represents a certain model of life as pleasure, being engaged in not just a favourite routine, but necessary and useful.

Keywords: concept, lingua-cultural concept, English lingua-culture, leisure, serious leisure, hobby

1712
6150

Novitskaya I.V., Fedorinova Z.V., Vorob’eva V.V. OCCASIONAL WORD-FORMATION TYPES OF ABSTRACT NOUNS IN OLD NORSE. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2022. Issue 4 (222). P. 15-25

Introduction. This article focuses on studying the functioning of the word-formation system and its components in Old Norse, one of the ancient Germanic languages, on studying the derivational potential of the Old Germanic languages for the production of abstract nouns. The purpose of the article is to describe a fragment of the field of the word-formation category, represented by occasional word-formation types of suffixed abstract nouns in Old Norse. Material and methods. The study draws on an analysis of Old Norse nouns with abstract meanings, marked by derivational suffixes -átta-, -andi-, -erni-, -eskja-, -osta-, -gi- and derived from nominal or verbal stems. The language data resulted from continuous sampling from etymological dictionaries of Old Norse. The analysis of the linguistic material involved using the methods of scientific description, generalization, and interpretation of results, the method of analyzing dictionary definitions, and the method of quantitative calculation. Results and discussion. The group of nouns marked by the Old Norse suffixes -átta-, -andi-, -erni-, -eskja-, -osta-, -gi- represents derivational types from the periphery of the derivational field of abstract nouns and refers to the declension types of feminine nouns in -ōn (derivatives with the suffixes -osta-, -átta-, -eskja-), of feminine nouns in -īn (derivatives with the suffixes -andi-, -gi-), of masculine nouns in -an (derivatives with the suffix -andi-), of neuter nouns in -ia (derivatives with the suffix -erni-). The proportion of lexemes with the analyzed suffixes, which are attested in Old Norse alone, is 2.4 % of the total number of abstract nouns corpus. These suffixes were formed on the basis of the Indo-European suffix morphemes, they were phonetically distinguishable in Old Norse and tended to join adjective or verbal stems to form abstract nouns. The limited number of Old Norse derivatives with these suffixes does not allow us to reveal the thematic profile of each suffix, however, the etymological links of the word-forming morphemes allow us to reveal some motivational features that might have contributed to the formation of the derivational types for the production of nouns with these formants. Conclusion. An analysis of the etymological connections of the Old Norse suffixes of abstract derivatives -átta-, -andi-, -erni-, -eskja-, -osta-, -gi- suggests that the word-formation types with them were included in the process of developing the word-formation category of abstract nouns and reflected results of their approbation.

Keywords: Old Norse, Old Germanic languages, abstract nouns, word-formation, suffix

1712
  • 118
  • 119
  • 120
  • 121
  • 122
  • 123
  • 124
  • 125
  • 126
  • 127

Page 123 of 139

2026 Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin

Development and support: Network Project Laboratory TSPU