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# | Article | Downloads | |||||
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1501 | The approaches to designing content of ethno-cultural education are analyzed in the present paper The authors proceed from the assumption that as the substantial foundation for the ethno-cultural education serves the mankind culture in general The mankind culture is understood as a whole of typical activity methods, creativity experience, values and attitudes. | 1137 | |||||
1502 | The technology of diagnostic solutions constructing in weakly structural problem fields is proposed. This technology includes synthesis of derived diagnostic solutions metastructure. The construction of the diagnostic solutions is realized the method of local geometry, limited sorting, of design trees. The selection is depend on availability and simplicity of using systems realizing these methods. The synthesis of diagnostic solutions metastructure is greatly topically for knowledge base construction demanding introducing concepts, metanotions and semantic ratios on the base of knowledge fragment set about problem field. Application of the technology of diagnostic solutions constructing allows to construct adequate of problem fields | 1137 | |||||
1503 | A geometrical covariant definition of the variation of conserved quantities is introduced for Lagrangian field theories, suitable for both metric and affine gravitational theories. When this formalism is applied to the Hilbert Lagrangian we obtain a covariant definition of the Hamiltonian (and consequently a definition of the Energy) for a gravitational system The definition of the variation of Energy depends on boundary conditions one imposes. Different boundary conditions are introduced to define different energies: the gravitational heat (corresponding to Neumann boundary conditions) and the Brown-York quasilocal energy (corresponding to Dirichlet boundary conditions) for a gravitational system. An analogy between the behavior of a gravitational system and a macroscopical thermodynamics system naturally arises and relates control modes for the thermodynamical system with boundary conditions for the gravitational system. This geometrical and covariant framework enables one to define entropy of gravitational systems, wnich results to be a geometric quantity with well-defined cohomological properties arising from the obstruction to foliate spacetimes into spacelike hypersurfaces. This definition of gravitational entropy turns out to be very general: it can be generalized to causal horizons and multiple-horizon spacetimes and applied to define entropy for more exotic singular solutions of Einstein field equations. The same definition results also to be well-suited in higher dimensions and in the case of alternative gravitational theories. | 1137 | |||||
1504 | The article presents the author’s model of the system of psychological support of teenagers in building up their self-confidence. It describes the objectives and directions of a psychologist’s work with teenagers, parents and teachers. There is also the evaluation of the efficiency of the proposed model. Keywords: self-confidence, psychological support, psychological diagnostics, psychological correction, individual psychological consultation, psychological education | 1137 | |||||
1505 | In the article the results of sociological research conducted by the authors are discussed and theoretical summarizing of the research results acquired with the support of RFH (project No. 12-03-00198 “Bioethics as a Form of Self-consciousness of Modern Culture”) based on the use of semiotic diagnostics methodological procedure developed by I.V.Melik-Gaykazyan. The dynamics of value and outlook of medical students observed and its cultural determination are explored. The given research was conducted as a part of solving one of the project’s tasks: definition of bioethics symbolization’s direction in philosophic-anthropologic dimensions of modern culture. Keywords: bioethics, sociology, information-synergetic approach, medical education, semiotic diagnostics, models of healing | 1137 | |||||
1506 | The article presents eight-year expererience of Tomsk State Pedagogical University for organizing children’s activities in the communities. It demostrates substantive and organizational-methodical implementation features of sports and recreational components of the discussed social and pedagogical practices. The data of empirical research, reflecting the effects of sports and recreational summer camps for children in residential areas. The prospects for research in the context of scientific and pedagogical knowledge related to sports and recreation aspects of summer recreation for children in the community. Keywords: physical recreation activities , organization of summer camps for children, children’s playground | 1137 | |||||
1507 | The review of A. V. Bolotnov’s monograph “Textual activity as the reflation of communicative and cognitive styles network language personality” (Tomsk, 2015) contains the evaluation of the urgency and scientific research novelty, the importance of network language personality theory for the investigation of textual activity in IT epoch. The established by the author of the monograph complex method of idiostyle analysis ensured the development of a new typology of information and media language personalities (journalist, writer, blogger, politician, etc.) and a description of significant features for each type of verbal behavior. For the material of the study served the content posted on the site “Echo of Moscow” – the radio station, which clearly demonstrates the new trends in the Russian massmedia of the XXI century. There have been achievements A. V. Bolotnov related to the identification and interpretation of linguistic methods of media exposure and the Internet as a new channel of communication on the consciousness of society and the individual. It appreciates the contribution of the author in the development of a number of scientific fields: the linguistic theory of personality, communicative and cognitive linguistics, communicative stylistics, discourse theory, media linguistics. Theoretical depth of the monograph and large factual material cause undoubted practical value of the book for journalists and public relations professionals. Keywords: media communication, media text, media discourse, network language personality, language personality types, individual style, communicative style, cognitive style | 1137 | |||||
1508 | . | 1136 | |||||
1509 | The article analyses transformation mechanism in situation of an informational transformation of cultural state of sociality. The author also proves that in the informational society the power changes its cultural ontology and becomes informational. | 1136 | |||||
1510 | The article is devoted to the characteristic of the development of general education and vocational training in Western Siberia at the second half of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century. At this period the change of amount of the educational institutions and the appearance of new types of general educational and professional schools were typical of Siberia. The very important role in this process belonged to public and private charity. Keywords: Western Siberia, educational institutions, general education, vocational training, charity | 1136 | |||||
1511 | Developing the methodology adapted for studying museum audience is quite a vital issue for the progress of museology in modern Russia. The article covers adaptation and testing of sociological and psychological research methods of studying the museum audience (upon example of the Kizhi Reserve Museum). The students of Tomsk State Pedagogical University received the results of interrogation in August of 2012 on the Kizhi Island in the Republic of Karelia. The examples of questionnaire can be found in the article appendix materials. Keywords: museum culture, psychological methods, museum audience, visitor to the museum model, museum questionnaire | 1136 | |||||
1512 | The article deals with studying the notions “stereotype”, “ethnocultural stereotype” and “national cultural stereotype” in cultural linguistics. The juxtaposition of archetypically meaningful stereotypes of two cultures is made as a result of linguocultural comparative analysis of phraseological units containing gastronomical terms, which have been singled out in the Russian and French languages. The general (universal) and specific (unique) stereotypes reflecting peculiarities of Russian and French cultures are determined. Keywords: stereotype, ethnocultural stereotype, phraseological units, gastronomical terms, comparative analysis, universal stereotypes, unique stereotypes, the Russian language, the French language | 1136 | |||||
1513 | We consider role of video technology in the physical education of the joint activities of students on the basis of projects. Video demonstrations of physical phenomena take place in lectures, laboratory work, to solve problems in practical classes and colloquia, in approval laboratory work. Method has been developed for a survey of students at lectures and other types of employment at a technical university. Students predicted the result of a physical phenomenon to its presentation and after a certain period of time. Keywords: video technology, teaching physics, pedagogical experiment, students’ interview scheme | 1136 | |||||
1514 | All world news agencies in October 2013 reported that the invention of the head of the physics Department of the Tomsk technological Institute (1911) will be implemented in life in the state of California (USA). We are talking about the railway magnetic levitation. The layout of this installation was placed in room № 103 of TTI building № 3. Now there is educational laboratory of electromagnetism of TPU. The article briefly summarizes information about the scientific life of B. P. Weinberg. Keywords: invention, teaching to physics, magnetic pad, electric road of the future | 1136 | |||||
1515 | Scientific and theoretical approaches to the problem of studying the features of reproductive and creative activity of children of preschool age with strong speech disorders are concerned. Studied the problem of coherent speech development of preschool children from the point of view of psycholinguistic approach. The methods of studying the peculiarities of connected speech in the process of reading literature works are suggested. The features of receptivereproductive and reconstructive activities of mastering coherent speech of children with strong speech disorders are found. Found the directions for the development of coherent speech of children with speech disorders. Educational work is conducted in the following directions: development of psychophysiological functions, development of linguistic operations, development of reproductive activity, development of creative activity. Keywords: text, strong speech disorder, creative activity, reproductive activity, verbal creativity, connected speech, literature work | 1136 | |||||
1516 | In the article the experience of practical realization of the project of Multilevel Continuous Education System (MCES) in closed settlement of the nuclear industry of Siberian Chemical Plant in Seversk. Tomsk region is analyzed. The investigation shows that MCES under conditions of Industrial implemented into Closed Administrative Territorial Unit (CATU) Seversk allows involving in educations process a large number of children and youth. This provides a possibility of purposeful formation of harmonically developed personality oriented to conducting of professional activity at factories and organizations of the Nuclear Department of the Russian Federation. The results of the investigation can be applied for solving similar tasks in the towns of the RF Nuclear Department, and also in other towns of Russian Federation. | 1135 | |||||
1517 | The article is concerned with one of the key mythological images in the Russian literary Rimliane - the image of Raphael and his picture «Sistine Madonnas. The Russian literary Rimliane is viewed as a set of texts representing a special system of im¬ages, subjects, ideas and motives connected with Rome. The author analyzes the influence of V.G. Vakenroder's essay «Vision of Raphael* on the literary work of V.A. Zhukovsky and other Russian romanticists. | 1135 | |||||
1518 | The article addresses the usage of authentic advertising German texts and methods of applying them in teaching of German. | 1135 | |||||
1519 | The article considers the communicative possibilities of advertising name, examines the way of verbal mimicry and reveals its regulative potential. | 1135 | |||||
1520 | Clause is devoted to the analysis of structural and functional - pragmatical features modern epistolary of the texts which have been switched on in sphere of the electronic communications, and also speech means of their presentation. The carried out research has allowed to qualify the letter as a steady functional - style version epistolary of a genre which is giving in to stylistic updatings, but saving thus the invariant attributes. Keywords: Epistolary sphere of the communications, epistolary the text, functional - style version of the text, speech genre, mass communications. | 1135 | |||||
1521 | The integration of interactive multimedia educational purpose is one of the most promising areas of modern stage of computerization of professional music education. Keywords: multimedia technology, integration, efficiency interactive, multimedia educational purpose, professional music education | 1135 | |||||
1522 | The article is devoted to the originality of the dramatic action in Chekhov’s vaudevilles. The originality is studied on the matter of vaudevilles “The Jubilee“ (1891) and “The Proposal” (1888). Keywords: Anton Chekhov, a dramatic effect undeveloped, alienation, a holiday | 1135 | |||||
1523 | Chekhov’s epistolary is considered in the given article as prose that comprises documentary and artistic genres and allows understanding the writer’s text in its broad sense. The specifics of Chekhovian prose is viewed as the combination of standpoints of the writer, physician and sick person. The author’s game with them forms the pathographic text of the writer in his epistolary. Keywords: Russian literature, A. P. Chekhov, epistolary prose, pathographo | 1135 | |||||
1524 | The article considers the liturgical reforms of Patriarch Nikon in the theological aspect. The peculiarities of the impact of the liturgical text on the person and formation by the text of the fundamental religious beliefs, connected with the concept of deity. Keywords: Orthodoxy, liturgical reforms of Patriarch Nikon, the liturgical texts, theology | 1135 | |||||
1525 | This article is devoted to the theoretical and experimental aspects of the investigation of the self-management ability as the criterion of the personal-professional development of the students during their education in pedagogical higher school, to the investigation of the formation of personality who is directed to high professional achievements in education, to professional self-development and self-actualization. Self-management ability is interpreted as the goaldirected self-change or as the management of the human activity forms such as communication, behavior, activity, emotional experience (N. Peysakhov). Statistical analysis of the data obtained in the ascertaining step permitted to identify the significant differences, allowing to define the psychological characteristics of personal-professional development of pedagogical high school students with different levels of self-management ability. It is necessary for the students with low levels to form a horizontal self-management structure, which includes the eight stages: analysis of contradictions, forecasting, goalsetting, formation of criteria, quality assessment, making decision, monitoring, correction. The personal-professional development of the students with high self-management ability is characterized by the creation of a vertical selfmanagement system, by self-improvement of its individual units, by changes in the forms of human activity. Keywords: personal-professional development of higher school students, self-management ability, analysis of the contradictions, goal-setting, monitoring, correction, self-regulation | 1135 | |||||
1526 | The characteristic feature of the modern stages of peda¬gogical diagnostics is striving for making up the full concep¬tion of studying the formation of students outlook: from the definition of the content of understanding the phenomenon itself to the investigation of the conditions of its appearance and of the role of different factors in this process. To solve such an important problem as psychological diagnostics of the process of outlook formation we must not limit ourselves only to the improvement of already existing methods. The search of new approaches to the problem is urgent. The results received in the course of the diagnostic re¬search let affirm that the aims of natural scientific outlook will be able to be reached if the integrated course «Natural Science» is introduced into schools curriculum. In this case the integration of natural scientific knowledge goes not formally but following a strict logic on the basis of the study of fundamental regularities of nature. Knowing about an enormous experience of foreign. | 1134 | |||||
1527 | In the article the analysis of functioning of Tomsk Teachers' Institute during the period of the World War I is presented made on the basis of archives documents. The main problems of organization of the learning process in the Institute under the conditions of war times are disclosed. The changes in the faculty staff, students' structure, peculiarities of job placement of graduates are examined as well as the situation of military mobilization of students in the period viewed. | 1134 | |||||
1528 | The author is examining the literary material starting from the poem «Panmongolism» byV. Solovjevuptothe novel «Chapaev and the Emptiness» by V. Pelevin. In the eschatological variant of the myth the author discov¬ers the motives of the invasion of the Mongolian multi¬tudes into Russia as a part of Europe and their participa¬tion in the apocalyptical Christian plot. In another variant of the myth which is closer to the literature plot the hero is either escaping, or traveling, or is made to go to Mon¬golia, and Mongolia turns out to be either the domain of death, or the hero perishes or changes his status being subjected to the initiation. The Mongolian myth is widen¬ing to the Pan Mongolian one and in this way is being built into the Asian myth of Russia. | 1134 | |||||
1529 | The pedagogical technologies of health-protective education at all stages are grounded on principles of complex social-culture education, natural-scientific and physical education; inclusion of problems of health education in the program of learning of various hu¬manitarian and natural-scientific disciplines, and as a result-creation at school united «health-protective environment». The development and implantation In the education process health-protective technologies of education allows to raise the level of pupils' health, promotes warning and correction of health disorders and, at the end, provides the development of educa¬tion quality. | 1134 | |||||
1530 | Asoyan A. A. - // Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2004. Issue 3 (40). P. 129-121 - | 1134 | |||||
1531 | As it is known, syntactic phraseological units are constructions of stylistic syntax. They express speaker’s attitude to what is being reported. Constant components are their basis, but on the other hand, one of the components of a syntactic phraseological unit is free. Such sentences can express a great variety of subjective and modal meanings. In the Mari language it was found 3 models of syntactic phraseological units, which express valuation. This the article is devoted to these research of constructions. | 1134 | |||||
1532 | Four types of individuality differing in extro-vercy, neuro-tism, functional asymmetry, vegetative regulation and activation of central nervous system are marked out. The author argues that these types are characterized by different success in operator's adaptation. | 1134 | |||||
1533 | We have investigated ja-, jM-stems and found that they are characterized by the semantic unity. On the whole they denote animate objects of the real world or objects played the relevant role in economic life of the Germanic people. There are nouns marked by these stem-building markers, which express possession. Such nouns have the meaning of pertaining to something or somebody. We might conclude that the consonantal marker -j- is the characteristic of nouns of all three genders, therefore it didn’t relate to the grammatical category of gender, which was formed later. As the marker is rather old (Corbett), the original meaning of -j- was connected with an earlier category – category of animateness/inanimateness, i.e. it was the marker of animateness. This is determined by the semantic and etymological analyses of the Gothic ja-, jM-stems. It is possible to subdivide the Gothic nouns of ja-, jM-stems denoting animate things in perception of ancient people into six groups: 1) nouns denoting people and their occupation; 2) nouns of relationship; 3) nouns denoting animals and plants; 4) nouns denoting realities bound up with a person or animal; 5) nouns in any case pertaining to a person and his activity; 6) nouns denoting natural phenomena. | 1134 | |||||
1534 | In Vah-Vasyugan dialect of the Khanty language there is the suffix -a7//-a7i, joining the stem of adjectives in the predicative function. The translations show, that this suffix also changes the intensity of quality, denoted by the adjective stem. Using an adjective as the predicate, the speaker puts some emotional coloring into it. It explains, why adjectives with -a7//-a7i suffix are translated sometimes as strong intensifiers, sometimes as weak intensifiers and sometimes as expressing the neutral intensity of the quality, denoted by the adjective stem. | 1134 | |||||
1535 | The article is focused on the problematic approach in a teachers’ training management system. It considers the role of problem training on the efficiency of the quality of education in a pedagogical high school. Besides, the diagnostics of an estimation of the quality of lessons in the conditions of problem training are given by the author in this report | 1134 | |||||
1536 | In the course of linguo-cognitive study of folk-lore language the empirical base include a number of comparable set of linguistic facts: a total of folk-lore nominations; data from individual author's texts, as well as from colloquial speech and dialects; material of associative experiment. In this article we describe the semantics of folk-lore language facts direct in the light of the contents of associative fields. It allow us to show that verbal code is a reliable sourсe of the ethnocultural information. Keywords: The linguo-cognitive study, the ethnocultural information, the folk-lore verbal code, the semantics, associative experiment | 1134 | |||||
1537 | The article presents the results of evaluating the effectiveness of using structured forms of electronic means of teaching. High effectiveness of using structured teaching means particularly in the form of «electronic case» is demonstrated. Keywords: structured Forms of Electronic Means of Teaching in the Undergraduate and Postgraduate Education System; «electronic case» | 1134 | |||||
1538 | The article discusses the problem of the color term murasaki (purple) in the Japanese modern tanka poetry comparing with the same poetic methods from the classical poetry. The objects of the research were the works written by such authors as Masaoka Shiki (1867–1902), Yosano Tekkan (1872–1935) and Yosano Akiko (1878–1942). Keywords: Japanese poetry, modern tanka poetry, Japanese, semantics of color terms | 1134 | |||||
1539 | In article on the basis of the questioning of the heads of educational establishments the problem of definition of requirements to graduates of pedagogical high schools on a specialty «pedagogics and psychology» is considered. It is determined, that requirements to professional competence of graduates have practical-guided character with obligatory knowledge of rule-legal bases of activity of the teacher and necessary theoretical knowledge on pedagogics and psychology. While passing to two-level system of preparation of experts it is necessary to generate a precise structure of requirements within the framework of professional competence graduates. Keywords: requirements to quality of preparation of teachers-psychologists, professional competence of the teacher-psychologist, two-level system of preparation | 1134 | |||||
1540 | The scientific revolution of the end 19th – beginning 20th century had a great importance on the formation of Platonov’s world-view. Especially it refers to the Einshtein’s Theory of Relativity and the connected with it polemics about “the ethereal wind”. Platonov studied these conceptions in the beginning of 1920-s as a student of the physical and mathematical faculty, then he was interested in this matter like a philosopher and a man of letters. The article depicts some ways of reflection for these two theories in Platonov’s stories. Keywords: creativity A. Platonov, poetic language, the substance of existence the theory of relativity, theory of the ether, quantum, the electron, the gravity, radio the evolution, time and the space | 1134 | |||||
1541 | The article considers changes in the methodology of teaching of bachelors of technological education in the XXI century which were caused by the development of educational robotics. The creation of an educational robotics was initiated by the introduction of robots in technological processes of production, by the emergence of robots in the service sector and by the use of robots in the army. The development of the robotics involves changing the methodology for preparing technology teachers. The teacher must possess the competencies, which will be sufficient for teaching pupils to the basics of robotics in schools at the lessons of “Technology” and in the classroom of technical creativity during the time free from the lessons. The article describes the training of bachelors of technological education in Herzen State Pedagogical University with the aim to exchange experiences. The educational robotics has changed the methodology of training of bachelors of technological education in Herzen State Pedagogical University. The bachelors of technological education in Herzen State Pedagogical University learn different cybernetic robotic platforms and programming of the robots in order not only to teach “Technology” in schools, but also to work in FabLabs. The algorithm of training of bachelors of technological education for the educational robotics is as follows: a) study of the physics of robots LEGO Mindstorms NXT (LEGO EV3); b) study of the language of RobotC programming; c) study of the ScratchDuino (robots and laboratory); d) use of Arduino boards for projects; g) study of the work environment TRIK Studio and of the robots TRIK. Keywords: teaching methodology, educational robotics, bachelor of technological education | 1134 | |||||
1542 | The paper deals with the key aspects of electronic literary text semiotics and the specific realization of its categories such as cohesion and coherence. The research materials include several electronic texts (based on different platforms and technologies such as Adobe Flash, Scalar, HTML 5) that demonstrate the use of conceptually valid poly-code elements in their semantic structure. The main methods of the research are general scientific methods such as monitoring and description in conjunction with the method of comparative analysis and complex linguistic and stylistic analysis of literary text. The basis of text formation logical and semantic connections is the repetition of information in the various parts of the text. The cohesion of electronic literary text structural elements is provided by micro and macro thematic correlation of nonverbal components that relate to repeated verbal elements of electronic literary text. Being semantic valid, nonverbal components (audio, video, graphics, animation) can correlate with the differ character and length verbal components (letter; word/ word combination/ phrase; a part of text: the whole text) of electronic literary text. The spatial arrangement of verbal and nonverbal elements of electronic literary text is a means of expressing thematic and conceptual structure of the electronic work. Electronic literary text coherence comes along in the recipient’s consciousness during the cognitive process which helps to build holistic meaning transferring with the help of verbal and nonverbal elements of electronic work. Electronic literary text is semiotic complex object of modern informational and communicational discourse where verbal code is still meaningful but not predominant element. This fact transfers the text materiality into the sphere of cross disciplinary research in the humanities. Keywords: Electronic literary text, verbal, nonverbal, coherence, cohesion, polycode | 1134 | |||||
1543 | Creative independence in the article is defined as an ability and readiness of the future specialist - engineer to decide a class of professional problems, which not allowing ready samples of activity transfer and which proposeing reflection and self-development of his processial and per¬sonality spheres. Forming quality model of personality is introduced in the manner of manyfunction structure, which unites motive-value, cognitive, communication, emotional-willed, creative-activity components. Thats proved that crea¬tive independence of future specialist is united, holistic sys¬tem from its personality and professional qualities, which he shows in the course of professional progress. Thats shown that process of future specialist creative independence forming is the system of specially created educational situa¬tions of independent creative, professional activity: situa¬tions of heuristic searching, independent choice and decid¬ing, creative self-realization. | 1133 | |||||
1544 | Means of regulativeness in Z. Gippius texts in connection with their genre specific are shown. Contrast is considered as the basic means of the organization of Z. Gippius’s poetic texts and as the peculiarity of her authoric style. | 1133 | |||||
1545 | The article is devotee to the problem of adaptation of a child to pre-school educational establishment. The authors suggest some preventive measures to avoid complications appearing during the period of adaptation, and also present the results of their application. | 1133 | |||||
1546 | In this paper we show that the entropy of a cosmoiogical horizon in topological Reissner-Nordstrom-de Sitter and Kerr-Newman-de Sitter spaces can be described by the Cardy-Verlinde formula, which is supposed to be an entropy formula of conformal field theory in any number of dimension. Furthermore, we find that the entropy of a black hole horizon can also be rewritten in terms of the Cardy-Vertinde formula for these black holes in de Sitter spaces, if we use the definition due to Abbott and Deser for conserved charges in asymptotically de Sitter spaces. Such result presume a weli-defined dS/CFT correspondence, which has not yet attained the credibility of its AdS analogue. | 1133 | |||||
1547 | Politics as a sphere of human activity is realized through political communication, which is characrerized by a special system of lexical means, namely political vocabulary. In this work we aim at undertaking semantic analysis of political lexis, classifying and describing its constituents | 1133 | |||||
1548 | This article is about influence of contemporary family’s crisis on the fulfillment her basic functions. Creation of conditions for graduation, upbringing, education and socialization it children are major problem of family. To use possibility of social actives the educational potentiality of family, we should know its general components. The author considers means and structure of notion “educational potentiality of family”, suggests using it diagnostic indexes. | 1133 | |||||
1549 | The article raises the problems of legal computerization in the conditions of forming common legal information space in Russia which provides all sections of society and each individual citizen with legal information. It is noted that legal computerization opens new possibilities for improving the organization of legal activity. The data of sociological research done by the author show that new information technologies based on the use of personal computers and telecommunication means are not applied in modern legal practice in time. It is also noted that the solution of these problems can be achieved on the basis of information orientation of higher law education, multilevel and multicomponent system of training specialists according to information culture model. This model reveals the role of the disciplines «Computer Science» and «Law Computer Science» due to which new forms of training are developed and trends to forming open education, using new technical devices and improving methods of teaching are secured. | 1133 | |||||
1550 | This article is dedicated to one of the ways of racket, blackmail. The story of the given conception is traced in Russian criminal legislation. The author reveals the contents of the threats which are made in blackmail. | 1133 |