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| 1451 | The paper presents description of the process and results concerning evaluation of the level of research competence of pupils of profile humanity classes of secondary schools. The paper focuses on the interpretation of the experimental data obtained. Keywords: research competence level, research competence in pupils of profile humanity classes of secondary schools, questioning | 1643 | |||||
| 1452 | Improving the level of mathematical education of people is an actual task, which is set today by the state and is solved by the professional pedagogical community, including teachers of mathematics in higher school. An effective method to solve the main task of increasing mathematical competence and its accompanying tasks of development of general cultural competencies of students is the use of interactive forms of teaching, the essence of which is teaching in dialogue. The article deals with the nature, objectives and principles of interactive methods of teaching. The analysis of scientific works of teachers-researchers showed that teaching of higher mathematics does not use such interactive forms as collective teaching and their corresponding methods. It is collective teaching that allow the teaching process to be both active and interactive in cases, where the content of the teaching material does not even have a professional orientation. For collective teaching you can observe all those characteristics that are inherent to interactive teaching – dialogue, mental activity, ground, freedom of choice, creating a situation of success, reflection. The article deals with the nature, principles and methods of collective teaching. Organizational and methodological support of teaching on various topics using the methods of collective teaching has been developed. The efficiency of collective teaching in higher mathematics using the method of interchange of tasks, designed for the primary study of typical tasks due to the work of students in pairs of shift composition. Particular attention is paid to the description of the organizational and methodological support for conducting classes. A long-term pedagogical experiment aimed at identifying the effectiveness of interactive studies in higher mathematics at a technical college in comparison with traditional studies has been conducted. The article describes the stages of the experiment and its results. The results of the experiment were processed using statistical methods and qualitative indicators obtained during the monitoring of the teaching process. Keywords: interactive forms of teaching, collective teaching, interchange of tasks, higher mathematics, pedagogical experiment, statistical methods | 1643 | |||||
| 1453 | Diagnostics and forecasting of the optimum personality of a manager are problems that has not been solved by management psychology until now. The article presents results of the investigations of social and psychological characteristics and models of behaviour of managers, currently performing their duties, and the comparative analysis of the obtained data and the resuits of foreign research. The conducted analysis has shown that the social and psychological potential of managers in Russia does not always conform to the modern situation with its needs. The problem of personnel planning with the accent on creating a reserve of managers, developing and applying improved methods of assessment of their activity, appears most urgent today. | 1642 | |||||
| 1454 | The article analysis the accordance in Russian public idea with philosophy of culture of a holiday in the end of the XIX and the beginning of the XX century. Celebrations of this time are concluded to develop according to the historical Russian cultural tradition, the symbol, playing type of culture and behavior in the lyceum. It promoted the actuation of searching a new cognition by philosophical thought in the concrete historical situation. | 1642 | |||||
| 1455 | The role of processes of supervision in knowledge Natural sciences Laws of a nature were theoretically investigated by a wide rejoin of the modern psychologists and pedagogical. The author of article, basing on theoretical development of the given question, experimentally carries out the given process at study of a rate “Natural sciences» in classes of a humanitarian structure. The analysis of results brought in the article, shows, that the correctly organized supervision of Natural sciences of processes, raises quality of knowledge about a structure of the environmental world | 1642 | |||||
| 1456 | The problem of perfection of process of professional becoming of a teacher is rather actual. Numerous researches in our country and abroad are devoted to its various aspects. Now interest to studying problem of perfection of training process of physical training and sports teachers has noticeably increased in the system of higher professional pedagogical education. It is caused by the laws of social development. Keywords: тraining of specialists, specialist on physical culture, students, physical culture, sports perfection testing. | 1642 | |||||
| 1457 | The article considers the basic resources of task-oriented teaching method to develop intellectual skills in the process of training students for mathematics; efficiency of application of the technology of training technical higher educational institution students for mathematics in developing intellectual skills and abilities for self-development is disclosed. The technology is developed on the basis of functional personality-oriented, system and competence approaches. Keywords: intellectual skills, task-oriented method, study project, self-development | 1642 | |||||
| 1458 | The article shows one of the possible ways of dealing with semantic derivation structure of nouns in Selkup as well as lexicographical representation of semantic data. Keywords: Selkup, semantic derivation, polysemy, semantic structure | 1642 | |||||
| 1459 | The article is devoted to architectonics of the drama “The Three Sisters” by A. P. Chekhov. In the analysis the specific character of the image of Moscow is considered. The investigation is given in comparison with the play “Die Jungfern von Bischofsberg” by G. Hauptmann that reveals the originality of poetics and world’s image of the Checkov’s drama. Keywords: Chekhov, architectonics, music, myth, Hauptmann | 1642 | |||||
| 1460 | The article contains analysis of the problem “positioning of Tomsk as one of the most important Innovative center in Siberia, which has high scientific, educational potential and creativity”. The studies of publications and audiovisual mass media were performed to recognize themes in the content which are connected with innovative potential. Also some official social sites were monitored in order to find mentions about Tomsk as a center of innovations and technologies. Keywords: image of the region, territorial marketing, positioning of the region, interregional competition, regional mass media, monitoring, innovational development, International network image, information audit, innovative development | 1642 | |||||
| 1461 | This article discusses the value-sense sphere of mother. Motherhood is one of the urgent problems of contemporary Russian society. Evolutionary purpose of women is the birth and upbringing of children. This article reflects the problem of inner peace mother, her value-semantic framework. It represents the theoretical literature review of research on the issues under study. Showes the results of the study of value and sense sphere of mothers. Determines the core values of mothers and childless women. Analyzes the differences of value-semantic sphere of mother and childless women. Mothers revealed significantly greater percentage of respondents experiencing fear and loneliness of losing loved ones, compared to childless women. Mother is a cultural and moral model for your child. For mothers sense-forming factor is the value of family life. Childless women have a wider range of values, that is more diverse and multidirectional than that of mothers’. Keywords: motherhood, maternal position, values, family, woman, mother, childless woman | 1642 | |||||
| 1462 | Rapid growth of neologisms in the American English causes the relevance of this research. Current linguistic researches (A. R. Nagiyeva, S. N. Shidlovskaya, I. Yu. Chernysh, Yu. E. Shadrina, E. S. Razheva, O. A. Guryanova, A. M. Khayrullina, E. A. Hudinshai other) don’t cover all functional features of neologisms in the modern American English. It is supposed that exactly American mass media sphere is one of the main producing zones of neologisms. But nowadays there isn`t complex research of the American mass media sphere in terms of existing and functioning neologisms there. This fact causes necessity to investigate the main reasons for creation of neologisms in the American mass media sphere and to define their functional status there. Theoretical results of this research contribute to systematization of the existing knowledge of the nature of neologisms. Practical significance of the research is that it can be used as a base for lexicographic fascination of the neologisms which have appeared in XXI century. It is shown that mass media is one of the main spheres where neologism appear and function. Most of them are a result of appearance of new forms of Internet resources, equipment and solutions. There are in the research examples of neologism with the explanation of their meaning and peculiarities of realization in the American mass media sphere. It is stressed that most of neologisms are connotative words, which are used to achieve some effect (pragmatical, ironical, actional, etc.). Keywords: neologisms, mass media text, neology, American English | 1642 | |||||
| 1463 | In accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard of Preschool Education (FGOS DO), the development of speech and communication skills of children with adults and peers is among the important tasks of teaching and upbringing. The formation of dialogical skills of preschoolers is a necessary condition for their social and personal development. This requirement fully applies to children with mental retardation (hereinafter referred to as PSA). The article presents an analysis of dialogical utterances of preschoolers of this category, defines the content of the formation of skills to participate in a dialogue: to respond to replicas and request information. Communicative situations, role-playing dialogues, various kinds of games and exercises are defined as effective learning tools. The purpose of the study is to analyze the pedagogical conditions for the effective formation of dialogical speech in older preschoolers with mental retardation. As the main experimental methods, observation and pedagogical experiment were used, including children’s answers to different types of questions (reproductive, explanatory and alternative) and independent formulation of questions based on visual schemes–hints. On the basis of the experimental study, which involved 40 pupils of the older group with mental retardation at the age of 5–6 years, the characteristic features of the development of dialogue in children with mental retardation were confirmed. It is noted that with the seeming simplicity of the dialogue, greater independence from language norms, the children of the category under consideration experienced significant difficulties in building and maintaining the line of dialogue. The ascertaining experiment, conducted with older preschoolers with mental retardation, showed that an independent dialogue in most of them is significantly difficult and is characterized by a number of features associated with both a lag in speech and a lag in the development of thinking and speech-thinking activity. The content of the formative stage of the experiment included work on the formation of the ability to answer questions of varying complexity and independently request information. The novelty of the study lies in clarifying the content of the work on the development of dialogue skills in accordance with the linguistic features of this form of speech; updating data on the features of dialogic speech and communication skills in children with ASD, determining the stages of formation of dialogic skills in this category of preschoolers. The research materials make it possible to outline new strategic guidelines for corrective action in the field of speech, namely, the communicative development of preschoolers with mental retardation. Keywords: dialogic speech, research of dialogic speech in children with ASD, formation of dialogic skills, information request, initiative speech | 1642 | |||||
| 1464 | During the last ten years the development of demographic processes in Russia have been characterized by such tendencies as wide spreading of sexually transmitted diseases among teenagers, increasing adolescent pregnancy, out-of-wedlock chiidbirths and abortions. In this connection the investigation of the psychological mechanisms of adolescent reproductive behavior formation is actual and timely Present-day research methods, such as questionnaires and surveys, need to be reviewed. The obtained data will help in identifying directions of preventive and rehabilitative measures on the state level. In this article the importance of developing a genderrearing educational program for adolescents with the regard for ethnocultural traditions of our society is emphasized and possible trends of further investigation are marked. | 1641 | |||||
| 1465 | The article is devoted to formation of romantic conflict in creative work (cycle "Slavenskie vechera") by V.T. Narezhnyi and to Russian prose of the beginning of XIXth century. The interaction of the plot of "estrangement" with the structures of educational genres is considered and the main variants of hero's self-determination (tragic, ideological, sentimental and adventure) are discovered | 1641 | |||||
| 1466 | Conception 3-D pedosystem construct on principle of similarity and take into account hydrodynamic's effects of transfer from local to global spatial grid. It is possible, if detailed survey soil's surface and structure was pre¬pared for 3-D soil. Hydrodynamic analysis finite-element method base on vertical and radial flow forming unit eluvial layer. | 1641 | |||||
| 1467 | In the given article the question on the persons participating in the case about compulsory hospitalization of citizens to a medical hospital is understudy. In the author’s opinion the specified list of persons should include: 1) the applicant; 2) the citizen concerning whom the application (statement) for compulsory hospitalization is made; 3) the representative of the citizen; 4) the public prosecutor; 5) those responsible for the administration of the health services. | 1641 | |||||
| 1468 | The author proved that the activity approach known as a system activity approach, i.e. system of composite activity, was proposed by E.G. Yudin. The author evokes a memory about E.G. Yudin who could unite many investigators for a composite work and was a leader of many scientific efforts which would have been impossible in philosophy without his ideas and enthusiasm Keywords: recollections about E.G. Yudin, activity approach, system-activity approach, system of collective activity | 1641 | |||||
| 1469 | In this paper a synergetic conception of the interdisciplinary course, involving subdivisions in physics, culture, language study and philosophy, is presented. Requirements to the properties of complicated open systems, which are able to self-organization, have been formulated, including the requirements to the system «language and culture». An approximate program for such kind of course has been proposed. Keywords: interdisciplinary, synergetic, culture, language, education | 1641 | |||||
| 1470 | Implementation of system psychologic-pedagogical approach into the system of basic and vocational education (including personal, action and context approaches) with implementation of the relevant methods and didactic educational means provide quality assurance of educational process, specialists in training, development and health preservation. The statements have been theoretically and practically proved. Keywords: system psychologic-pedagogical approach, quality assurance of educational process and specialists in training, development and health preservation | 1641 | |||||
| 1471 | The article is devoted to the description of rating system on mathematical discipline. This rating system promotes formation students’ valuable orientations of technical specialities. Keywords: rating system, personal features, technical specialty, value orientations, forming, investigation | 1641 | |||||
| 1472 | The article in the framework of historical and pedagogical analysis of the phenomenon of school education identifies stages in the formation of this form of differentiated education, analyzes the reasons for poor rural schools profiling. Keywords: profile education, historiography, stages of formation of special education, rural school | 1641 | |||||
| 1473 | This article presents an attempt to depict and to conceptualize the history of professional and private relations between L. Tieck and Novalis. The article is based upon correspondence between members of the Romantic circle. Keywords: Tieck, Novalis, Jena romantics, poetics, romantic concepts, friendship, illness | 1641 | |||||
| 1474 | The dynamics of the population-species of Anopheles mosquitoes in Central Siberia on trans-sect Tomsk – Achinsk – Lower Ingash – Taishet – Toulon – Bratsk. In all areas, the study found two types of malarial mosquito Anopheles messeae and A. beklemishevi. Is dominant everywhere A. messeae. Scope of A. beklemishevi first documented in the basin. Angara, 500 km to the east than observed to date. By latitudinal trans-sect from west to east in the populations of A. messeae identified two alternative trends: the decline in the diversity of options on the sex chromosome and increase the frequency diversity on both shoulders third autosomes. Keywords: malarial mosquitoes, karyotype, inversion, homozygote, heterozygote, the diversity index | 1641 | |||||
| 1475 | The paper is devoted to the issue of synonymy in terminology. Authors reveal the meaning of the notion “terminological synonymy”. They turn attention to the generalization of theories related to principles of synonymy in terminology. It’s known that there are different points of view on the existence of term-synonyms. In the paper such items as “synonym”, “doublet”, “variant” are analyzed by different linguists. Through the example of landscape study peculiarities of usage of synonyms in the Russian and German languages are shown to nominate different fragments of the linguistic world-image. Polylexical relations inside terminological systems are becoming more and more popular nowadays, and landscape study proves this fact. It should be emphasized that earlier such relations were considered as unacceptable. Keywords: synonymy, terminology, absolute synonym, doublet, variation, variants, terminology of landscape study | 1641 | |||||
| 1476 | Every nation in everyday speech besides words and combinations of words use the sustained phrases, a variety of which is paroemia (eg, proverbs, signs). Proverbs are special units and signs of language, the essential elements of human communication. These signs convey specific information, refer to the typical life and mental situations or relationships between these or other objects. The correct and appropriate use of proverbs gives the speech a unique identity and special expressiveness, it gives the opportunity to enhance the learning process. This article explores the role of proverbs in the formation of the communicative competence of students in the classroom as part of the discipline “Language and culture of Mordovian people”. One aspect of the formation of communicative-speech competence is familiarity with the language of one of the Mordovian people – Moksha. With Moksha students learn in the classroom for discipline “Language and culture of Mordovian people”. Therefore, we modulated the different situations of communication, different communication tasks. Proverbs help create a real atmosphere in the class, introduce elements of the game in the learning process. The authors developed the tasks conducive to the formation of a common culture of students, increase the level of linguistic competence and activity of students in the classroom, promoting education of tolerance and love for the native land. Keywords: proverbs, intercultural approach, principle of communicative orientation, verbal and cognitive activity | 1641 | |||||
| 1477 | The article discusses the communication specifics of engineering society in relation to the scientific discourse. It also studies the special features of the agent in the engineering communication as one of the key areas of modern life which provides the technological progress of industry as well as the research potential for education. The rise of the engineering professional society was due to the introduction and development of industry as a social force. 19th century introduced the position of the engineer which was strengthened in 20th century in the same way as the corporate societies of other specialists had been developed before. However, the corporate engineering society has not been studied yet either with the reflection of the professional image nor in the communication aspect. There are just few studies which consider the engineering communication as the texts of scientific and technical style but not as an independent object to be studied. The studies in the cognitive and discursive linguistics made the methodological basis of this paper including discourse analysis, scientific discourse studies, the research in functional linguistics and genre studies, the professional language and communication and the concept structure as well. The results were obtained by techniques of discourse analysis, textual, definition and component analysis as well as the qualitative evaluation of the associative dictionary data, the corpora analysis and the analysis of the search engine data. The materials included the encyclopaedia data, dictionaries, Russian National corpora, a body of technical standards. The paper solves the following issues: the boundaries of engineering communication as a certain discourse area, the description of key institutional parameters, the boundaries of engineering discourse against the scientific discourse: purpose, participants, the genre structure. Also, the key agent of the engineering communication was defined: the boundaries of the engineer concept, at which core the image of a specialist with a university degree is. The engineering definition is updated due to the complication and recent development of the engineering activity. The professional communication in engineering sphere traditionally regarded by Russian linguists as a part of the scientific discourse was identified as a separate institutional discourse based on certain compositionally crucial parameters. Keywords: professional communication, engineering discourse, scientific discourse, genre, communication agent, engineer, engineering, concept structure | 1641 | |||||
| 1478 | Kutilova L.A. . // Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 1997. Issue 3 (3). P. 35-37 . | 1640 | |||||
| 1479 | Sorochinskaya T.V. . // Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 1998. Issue 4 (7). P. 64-66 . | 1640 | |||||
| 1480 | The author reconstructs a big quantity of semi-affixes and affixes with the semantics of space occupation and discrete space, container and fulcrum. Many of them have a lexical origin. A substantial number of original etimologies of many Yenissean words is made. The author comes to the conclusion that Yenissean languages had many typological reconstructions during their history. | 1640 | |||||
| 1481 | Results of contrastive analysis of French and Russian Fashion catalogues through speech genre are presented. For the first time contrastive analysis has been transferred from the language plane to that of speech. | 1640 | |||||
| 1482 | In accordance to sociological investigation more than 82 % of young Russian people have a positive deliverance about patriotic education, including different sports sections, sports and rest winter and summer camps. The same forms of tours of civil-patriotic set in summer camps in Tomsk region we have organized up to 2004 years. In this article we talk over about preparation and instrumentation summer patriotic camp, program and pedagogical principles, and demonstrate an examples of the documents | 1640 | |||||
| 1483 | The article presents the comparative analysis of the accent characteristics of underived nouns in Tundra and Forest Nenets dialects. It is concerned with the correlation between Tundra Nenets stressed and unstressed vowels of the first syllable and first-syllable vowels in Forest Nenets. Keywords: Nenets, the Yamal dialect, the Canin dialect, forest Nenets, tundra Nenets, stress | 1640 | |||||
| 1484 | The article deals with cultural context of meanings of persons’ nominations in neologisms of modern Chinese. It aims to interpret Chinese neologisms from the perspective of individuals’ nominations. New social roles and competences appearing in the rapidly changing environment create the need for detailed research of the new vocabulary that denotes these roles and competences. The analysis of the denoted lexical units has been conducted in the frame of aspect or integrated approach to evaluate the semantic meanings of neologisms at different macro levels: denotative, connotative and functional. Besides the key generic semes (denoting individuals or groups of people, their gender and naming lexical sets) we have attempted to mark out the differential semes that reflect the national and cultural traditions of Chinese people. These differential semes are grouped according to the criteria which we have singled out, namely, peculiarities of persons’ appearance and character, peculiarities of activity, social status and psycho-emotional state. The article lists the examples of neologisms for every group of semes. Analysis of the persons’ nominations in neologisms of modern Chinese reveals that most lexical units denoting individuals are not gender-marked and refer to the sociocultural field. Majority of the neologisms belong to standard Chinese and are emotionally neutral. The research offers a new perspective and method of studying new words in Chinese from the view of individuals’ denomination. Keywords: Chinese, neologisms, persons’ nominations, national peculiarities of semantics, macro- and microcomponents of meaning, aspect approach, seme | 1640 | |||||
| 1485 | 1640 | ||||||
| 1486 | The article represents well-grounded criteria, indexes, characteristics of the indexes, qualitative evaluation of structural components of professional rehabilitation activities and preventive measures of physical training teachers. | 1639 | |||||
| 1487 | The analysis of psychiatric and legal literature on limited ability and responsibility resulted in negative attitude of the author to the fact that in the Civil Code of Russian Federation there is no article about limited ability caused by psychiatric disorder. The main criteria are characterized: medical, psychological and legal. The author gives its legal determination. | 1639 | |||||
| 1488 | Chasovnikov S.N. - // Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2007. Issue 1 (64). P. 66-70 For effective solving ecological problems the author suggests the use of economic tools instead of widely spread administrative methods. The author points out that for the effective functioning of the systems of rational nature use it is necessary to single out into a separate subsystem the economic tools of environmental protection, the elements of which are to be formed by local authorities | 1639 | |||||
| 1489 | In article the communicative nature of creativity is considered: its paradoxicality, ambivalence, interaction of oppositional phenomena. The communicative perspective allows to realize a holistic principle of research of variety of creativity in psychological practices and the vital world of the person, group, society, culture. Keywords: creativity, the communications, opposition, the person, sense, culture, education, practice | 1639 | |||||
| 1490 | The article enlightens ways of intensification the process of teaching Russian as a foreign language to the groups of students from China and Vietnam. The grounds for intensification are the inter-language correlation, discovering common cultural patterns and peculiarities of the teaching process in these countries. Keywords: Russian as a foreign language, inter-language correlation, cultural identity, educational peculiarities of the countries, teaching process. | 1639 | |||||
| 1491 | The article considers various methods to control the cognitive activities of the addressee in M. I. Veller’s interview at ‘Ekho Moskvy’ radio station. The research is based on regulativity theory methods developed in communicative stylistics of the text. Keywords: regulativity, regulativity methods, media discourse, interview, language personality | 1639 | |||||
| 1492 | The article deals with the problems of psychological readiness for school education of children with a hearing impairment. Based on components of psychological readiness for school education and possibility of their diagnostics at children with a hearing impairment, the author presented the received results of this empirical research in the comparative analysis of children with a hearing impairment and children without disorders in development. Keywords: children with a hearing impairment, children without disorder in development, psychological readiness for school education, emotional and strong-willed component, intellectual component, motivational component | 1639 | |||||
| 1493 | The article presents a review of theoretical approaches to studying of emotional violations at children's age in the context of defense and coping behavior. The authors note the essential influence of emotional violations on defense and coping behavior and their obstacle to achievement by the individual of psychological health and an emotional maturity. Keywords: scientific approach, emotional violations, emotions, emotional conditions, defensive and coping behavior, psychological defense, coping, children's age | 1639 | |||||
| 1494 | The reviewer points out that the author of the work is cardinally revising the boundaries and the essense of the notion «epic dramas. She is giving the first systematic investigation within the framework of the Russian tradition to dramas thoroughly forgotten (by S. Tretjakov), quite new (by G Gorm, O. Brodsky, B, Aksjenov, V, Maksimov) and well known, which former interpretation cannot be accepted nowadays (by M. Gorky, К Trenev) | 1638 | |||||
| 1495 | The article deals with the renamed notions constituting the bulk of the vocabulary of the German language of today. The problem of interaction and influence of the two opposite-oriented linguistic tendencies – such as the economy of language means on the one hand and the urge for expression on the other – on the appearance of renamings in the German language is illustrated by the examples of metaphorical and borrowed renamings as well as the renamings bearing the traits of sociolectics and general linguistics | 1638 | |||||
| 1496 | The information synergetic approach reveals the bases for determining limits of communicative area and for constructing the general communicative model. It permits to distinguish methodological principles for investigations in non-linear dynamics of communicative processes. All the researches are supported by grant RFBR №04-06-80192 “Methodology modeling the non-linear dynamics of education system”. | 1638 | |||||
| 1497 | The article gives the characteristic of various forms of transition to democracy. By means of this material failure of democratic transition in Russia is analyzed. The author makes an attempt of the analysis of a modern political regime of Russia. | 1638 | |||||
| 1498 | Educational and process is considered by us, as purposeful process of formation at children and teenagers, high patriotic, moral, psychological and physical qualities, habits of behaviour and actions according to social society social and pedagogical requirements. Developing educational system of sports club karate we based on the traditional educational system used in fighting arts of the East. On the basis of studying the usual educational system in east single combats by us were determined the purpose educational process in sports club development and education of the growing person, its valuable reference points, disclosing of creative potential and individuality. Keywords: educational system, karate, creative personality, socialization, interpersonal attitudes, uneasiness | 1638 | |||||
| 1499 | The author has analyzed the experience of organizing the competition of children’s research, formulated the problems of research organization with younger children, and identified common problems in the organization of child study. Keywords: productive activity, research activities of junior schoolchildren, the competition of children’s research, training of teachers | 1638 | |||||
| 1500 | The article is the result of study of the reasons of completion of forcible crimes by juveniles. We consider psychological and crime detection aspect in research on criminal behaviour and personality of a juvenile criminal as important. Keywords: psychological and crime detection feature to personalities of the criminal, forcible crime, personality of a criminal, juvenile criminal, way of completion of a crime | 1638 | |||||