| # | Article | Downloads | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3901 | Prozumentov L.M. . Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2000. Issue 1 (17). P. 3-6 | 1898 | |||||
| 3902 | On the basis of archival materials, memoirs of the contemporaries the history of the foundation and existence of Russian and turk-tatar pedagogical technical school 20-s-50-s is considered. | 1898 | |||||
| 3903 | The article is dedicated to the methods of teaching of non-linguistic students oral and written communication. | 1898 | |||||
| 3904 | The clause is devoted to the analysis of means of verbalization concept "Christening" in Russian national fairy tale. Named concept is a component of a folklore Christian picture of the world. Its consideration represents significant research interest in connection with a role of sacrament of a christening to life of the orthodox Christian. Thus those scripts which were reflected in Russian national fairy tale are marked, and the reasons of such choice come to light. Lexical means of verbalization concept "Christening" are allocated first of all and their role in the folklore text is defined. So the value of God parents established by church canons, and reflected in national consciousness, for example, is compared, and also various national signs and the customs connected with a christening and God are considered. Thus the special attention is given type of a fairy tale in which it is reflected data concept - magic, household or a fairy tale on animals. The urgency of work is connected with revival of Christianity and heightened interest to its history. | 1898 | |||||
| 3905 | The article reveals at philosophical level the concept of "modeling" and "model", and also considers pedagogical methods of theoretical research in a sports science as the most actual now | 1898 | |||||
| 3906 | Article is dedicated to questions of the organization of patriotic training in the contemporary general education school on the basis of environmental approach. By the author is presented the experimental complex model of the medium of patriotic training, purpose of which is shaping in students and their nearest environment (teachers, parents) of high patriotic consciousness, feeling of faithfulness to its fatherland | 1898 | |||||
| 3907 | This article is devoted to the analysis of the work of social charitable organizations in Western Siberia before the revolution. It gives the characteristics of social organizations and reveals the meaning for development of education in Siberia | 1898 | |||||
| 3908 | In this work was analyzed nature of lateral thinking, was reveal specify developments and feature of formation citizenship in legal training at students of different courses. Is investigate communicative complex, are opened structure and form lateral thinking, are represent possible variants activization of the given thinking in legal education Keywords: personaly-intellectual potential, civil position, lateral thinking, creative, predictability, education standard, personaly-orientated training, integrative-activate approach, personal potential | 1898 | |||||
| 3909 | The article discloses characteristics of speech self-education activity. The author of the article expounds questions of organization of activity of students speech self-education; describes the didactic psychological, pedagogical and organizational conditions necessary for successful speech self-education. Keywords: activity of speech self-education, structure of speech self-education activity, conditions of arrangements of speech self-education. | 1898 | |||||
| 3910 | In the result of psychometric investigation our attempt was to define psychological meaning and basic components of social creativity. It became the background of developmental program designing and conducting an experiment of social creativity development among the students. Keywords: Types of creativity, social creativity, interpersonal interaction, development | 1898 | |||||
| 3911 | In the article the author analyzes features of civil-law responsibility, administrative responsibility, a disciplinary responsibility and a liability for their use for counteraction to neglect of the duties of the persons who perform administrative functions in the organizations. Keywords: Legal responsibility, efficiency of sanctions, administrative negligence | 1898 | |||||
| 3912 | The limits of applicability of the basic approaches to understanding social and cultural impact of innovation processes. Conceptual Foundations of optimal control models of Hi-Tech are the information-synergetic approach and holistic approach. The information-synergetic approach Information and synergetic approach is optimal for understanding the structure and the specifi c impact of the phenomenon of Hi-Tech, a holistic approach to determine the optimal effect of negative cultural and anthropological implications. The paper presents some results of the project RFBR № 10–06–00313 “Attractive Management: Methodological Principles of Managing Complex Systems' Dynamics”. Keywords: Hi-Tech, Hi-Hume, a systematic approach, the post-nonclassical methodology, the informationsynergetic approach, a holistic approach, the conceptual model, culture, sociocultural system, process | 1898 | |||||
| 3913 | The role of mathematics in professional competence of psychologists is determined, the definition of professional mathematical competence of psychologists is given and the structure of this competence is offered. Also the pedagogical conditions facilitating its qualitative formation in the educational process in university are investigated. Keywords: professional mathematical competence, competence structure, stages of competence formation, pedagogical conditions | 1898 | |||||
| 3914 | The questions, which have been raised with the linguistic relativity hypothesis, continue discussions. Opponents and supporters of the hypothesis defend the positions depending on the chosen aspect of vision. Without considering specially positive and negative sides of the hypothesis, Eko nevertheless stops on some provisions, proceeding from the principles of the translation’s practice. Keywords: theory and translation’s practice, language system, text, possible world, semiotics system, sense, interpretation, negotiations | 1898 | |||||
| 3915 | The article describes the contemporary experience of youth movement of volunteer organizations in Tomsk and Tomsk region. The article deals with the existing forms of civic upbringing, which assist in the development of social activity and patriotic qualities of rising generation. Keywords: social actions, youth initiatives, charity organizations, patriotic upbringing | 1898 | |||||
| 3916 | Effective forms of educational activity are design and research activity of students. In the article the general and distinctive characteristics of these concepts are allocated; the expediency of inclusion of such forms of activity into process of mathematics studying of teenagers is proved; the experience of the organization of the project “Creation of the training table on the subject “Divisibility Signs” with pupils of the sixth grade is described; the bilateral analysis of efficiency of each stage of design activity of students is provided: from the teacher and from students (on the basis of their questionnaires). Keywords: system and activity approach, design activity of students, research activity of students, competences | 1898 | |||||
| 3917 | The paper is devoted to the personage classification analysis in literary criticism, its adaptation to the personage system of Scottish emigrational poetry and investigation of image characteristics of «old» and «new» Motherland. Prof. M.A. Novikova’s classification of artistic space is taken into account. It includes the opposition of own place and other place, space of center and periphery, space of border and contact. There are different classifications based on diverse approaches: 1) unipatrides, expatriants, apatrides; 2) religious persons (St. Andrew), historical persons (Robert I the Bruce, 1274-1329), Sir William Wallace, c. 1270-1305), Robert Burns, 1759-1796)), dwellers of Scotland’s regions (Highlanders) / the USA regions, family and home personages (husband, wife, parents, grandparents, children, grandchildren, friends), natural actuals of Scotland/the USA (Grampian Hills, Wood of Clova, Noran Water). The contrastive analysis of the personage system of Scotland’s poets (who didn’t emigrate) with the personage system of the USA’s Scottish emigrational poets is made. In the poetry of Scotland’s poets such additional personages are found: Fergus I (ab. 434 – 501), Kenneth MacAlpin (810-858), Duncan I (1001-1040), Malcolm IV (1141-1165), John Knox (1513-1572), Mary, Queen of Scots (1542-1587), James Melville (1556-1614). Contrastive analysis of patriotic images and motives proves that emigrational literature can be treated as diasporic literature in case emigrational literature appeals to the historical and cultural traditions of the Motherland country (Scotland). Keywords: Motherland, Scotland, the USA, emigration, personage, poetry | 1898 | |||||
| 3918 | The article describes the strategy of professional training of a teacher-musician using modern audiovisual technologies. The characteristic of both traditional audiovisual means and technologies (different types of presentation, training, reference, creative computer programs using sound and image) and modern means functioning in a computer multimedia environment (digital (electronic) educational resources, music and computer training programs) is given. The advantages of using audiovisual technologies in solving a number of methodical tasks of the lesson are described: the development of a variety of methodological tools, differentiation of these methodological developments into groups of exercises. The expediency of the use of audiovisual technologies is also considered in terms of the formation of professional competencies of bachelors. The important technological functions of music and computer training programs are noted, namely their polyinstrumental format, the possibility of “immersion” of the child in the historical, artistic and emotional environment of musical culture due to sound material. It is shown how the technical capabilities of music and computer programs contribute to the immersion of the child in the process of musical creativity, create conditions for the activation of creative imagination, cause interest in the art of music. The examples of realization of the system of creative tasks in the creative-computer format are given. Keywords: audiovisual technologies, digital educational resources, music and computer training programs, interactive forms of learning, training of music teachers in the university | 1898 | |||||
| 3919 | Introduction. The article is devoted to the completely unexplored subject in Russian Lermontov studies – the academic reception of the novel “Hero of our time” by the scholars from the USA. In the article the most reputable and representative works published in the USA about this novel are outlined and analyzed in accordance with the following periodization: publications of 1900-1960s, publications of 1970-80s and the modern publications of 1900s until now. The goal. Research of the academic reception of the novel of M. Lermontov «Hero of our time” in the USA. Materials and methods. Search and analysis of the publications, devoted to the novel “Hero of our time” by M. Lermontov issued in the USA in accordance with the periodization proposed by the author. Results and discussion. The focus of publications 1900–1960s is primarily the understanding of how M.Yu. Lermontov portrayed the Russian society of the 1830s and the main character of his work, an emphasis on the psychological nature of the novel, as well as a comparison with A.S. Pushkin. Among the researchers there is no agreement on the genre of the novel - for example, Mercereau classifies it as a genre of psychological realism, and in the preface to the first Russian-language edition in the United States, the Byronic character of Pechorin is noted. In publications from the 1970s to 1980s, there is a completely different emphasis. First of all, the internal structure of the novel is in the focus. Despite the fact that there is still no full agreement on the genre of the novel, most researchers believe that the novel «A Hero of Our Time» that he put an end to romanticism in Russian prose, which is the main innovation of Lermontov. The view on the main character of the novel has also changed - in Pechorin they see not Byronic, but demonic features. At the present stage, American researchers have new topics in the study of the novel «Hero of our time”. For example, the topic of the relationship between the Russian and Caucasian peoples attracts a lot of attention. In addition, if earlier only Pechorin was in the center of attention of researchers, now other heroes and heroines of the novel are also being studied. It is also interesting that Pechorin is now considered a post-romantic hero, and most researchers classify the novel as post-romantic. Conclusion. The conducted analysis and the proposed periodization demonstrably illustrates the evolution of approaches and interest to the various aspects of the novel and its heroes. The bibliography of the article is impressive itself and makes a significant contribution to the Lermontov studies. The authors of the publications included in the review are philologists, publicists, political scientists, anthropologists. Keywords: Lermontov, Hero of our time, novel, publication, Caucasus, prose, genre, Pechorin | 1898 | |||||
| 3920 | Subject Olympiads in domestic and world pedagogy are a time-tested means of finding and selecting talented and gifted youth. The request of modern society to educate and nurture creative specialists who are able to think nonlinearly in an uncertain context leads to an appeal to the means of creative competitions and olympiads. In the Russian scientific literature, the term “Olympiad movement” is used in various interpretations, which caused the problem of our research. The purpose of the article is to clarify the scientific and terminological apparatus in the modern context of the development of practices for the implementation of Olympiads. We rely on the principles of systemic, activity, axiological and cultural approaches, based on the author’s pedagogical concept of the implementation of subject olympiads. We mainly use theoretical methods – analysis of scientific literature on the topic, generalization, categorization, modeling. The empirical experience we gained while working with Olympiads also served as the basis of the study, the main methods are observation and conversation. As a result of the study, it was proved that the Olympiad movement is a pedagogical system for the implementation of subject Olympiads in various disciplines, which is implemented in schools and universities, its sociocultural functions and components are determined; we built a model of the Olympiad movement in Russia as well. Scientific novelty is manifested in the clarification of the term “Olympiad movement,” along with the construction of a model of this phenomenon in the domestic theory and practice of implementations of intellectual competitions. The theoretical significance lies in the increment of knowledge in pedagogical theory along with the clarification of the term that is used in the domestic tradition. At a practical level, the results of the study can be used by scientists for future research, as well as to clarify the regulatory framework of a legal nature. Keywords: Olympiad movement, Olympiad, intellectual competitions, academic competitions | 1898 | |||||
| 3921 | Knyazkov A.S. .. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 1999. Issue 3 (12). P. 29-31 . | 1897 | |||||
| 3922 | Golovchiner V.E. -. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2003. Issue 1 (33). P. 104-105 - | 1897 | |||||
| 3923 | The article considers features of organism's res¬ponse of the women with vegetative instability at aero¬bics classes on physical activity. The results of research of cardiovascular system reactions among women with the increased sensitivity of vegetative systems on phy¬sical activity at aerobics classes are presented. | 1897 | |||||
| 3924 | The article deals with the problems of teaching physics nowadays and some methods of solving them. A questionnaire survey conducted among teachers has resulted in favourable opinions of the functioning of the developed systems. Keywords: teaching physics, teaching system, questionnaire survey | 1897 | |||||
| 3925 | The article is devoted to the topical subject of training of masters with mixed learning. The emphasis is placed on the use of distance learning in combination with traditional full-time training. Keywords: mixed learning, distance learning, Learning Management System, network technologies | 1897 | |||||
| 3926 | One can see the disclosure of the role of game technologies in formation of pupils’ spiritual and moral culture in teaching and educational process of French. The author of the article suggests direct pupils’ game activity to their spiritual and moral development. Keywords: spiritual and moral education, game technologies, French | 1897 | |||||
| 3927 | The article is devoted to the different points of view on the phenomenon of deceived expectations. On the example of the M.I. Tsvetaeva’s poem the author reveals regulatory opportunities of deceived expectations. Besides, the author pays attention to its role in the semantic development of poetic text and in the formation of its emotional tone. Keywords: regulatory function of the text, regulatory opportunities, regulatory structure, the type of extension, deceived expectations | 1897 | |||||
| 3928 | The article is devoted to the preparation of teachers for vocational education of young people in catering. Considers the problem of the acute needs of the Tomsk region in qualified personnel to meet the modern requirements of the labor market in accordance with the international standards of the industry. To solve the problem, the experience of Tomsk State Pedagogical University, which in 2013 implemented an educational program on the network towards training 051,000 (44.03.04) Vocational training (industry: service, profiling: service restaurant business) is proposed. In conclusion, the author assumes that the training of the new army of teachers for vocational education will contribute to the prestige of the working profession in the sphere of catering and its demend on the labor market of the Tomsk region. Keywords: Hospitality Industry; the concept of training teachers; professional education; catering market; restaurant business; Web-based educational program | 1897 | |||||
| 3929 | This article refers to the analysis of derivatives of anthroponyms that are a part of naming of writers in German newspaper and magazine texts. During the study there were found and analyzed two types of word-building of proper names: compounding and suffixation, resulting in the formation of new nouns and adjectives. The derivatives of proper nouns are being discussed in connection to the newspaper functional style with its specials goals and aims. The study is based on more than 5000 analyzed examples of the writer namings that had been taken from the Internet versions of such magazines as Sueddeutsche Zeitung and Focus. Keywords: proper name, anthroponym, word-building, composite, compounding, suffixation, naming, newspaper functional style | 1897 | |||||
| 3930 | Study of traditional consciousness and peculiarities of popular culture bearers’ worldview on the material of textual dialect speech corpora is an urgent task of linguistic culturology and cognitive linguistics. Representative textual collections of everyday dialect speech only recently became a source of reconstruction of traditional worldview. The purpose of this work is a study of religious knowledge and ideas role and content in the worldview of dialect speakers. The analysis of religious subjects discourse fragments, picked out of a general speech flow, has shown that the religious component is a significant part of a general world picture and of popular culture bearers’ linguistic consciousness. Reflections on God, Christian saints, orthodox holidays and memorable dates of Church calendar, church services and rituals, religious writings, religious figures, trends and heterodox people, plots of Christian mythology occupy an important place in dialect speakers’ narratives. The notions of religious sphere often become the objects of dialect speakers’ reflection in their conversations with dialectologists. The religious subjects discourse fragments often contain such means expressing reflection as explanatory constructions, repetitions, periphrasis, generalizing (often evaluative) remarks, addresses to interlocutors with the purpose of checking up the degree of speech understanding, rhetoric questions. The communicative peculiarities of religious thematic fragments – increased metalinguistic reflection against a background of a feeble, in general, speech awareness of popular speech culture bearers – show that the elements of religious worldview are an important constituent part of dialect speakers’ cultural identity, occupying a central place in the popular tradition bearers’ value system. Keywords: traditional popular culture, dialect, world picture, language consciousness, metalinguistic reflection | 1897 | |||||
| 3931 | The significance of research is attributed to the constant attention of linguists paid to the discourse of women’s prose and to the usage of the components of functional-semantic categories, including the category «comparativeness», in the language of artistic works. The article considers the participation of different structural comparisons in the description of the female characters in the novel The Kukotsky Enigma by Lyudmila Ulitskaya. The structural diversity of comparisons is presented within the functional-semantic field of comparativeness. All forms of comparatives are present in the language of the novel, with conjunctional comparisons by similarity prevailing. From comparisons on the difference, there are forms of comparative and negative parallelisms. The gender approach to describing femininely marked comparatives facilitates to identify idiostyle characteristics of the writer, namely the tendency to extend and concretize the image of comparison, the usage of comparisons for the comparison of heroines, the author’s boldness and frankness of comparative images as well as the images’ allusiveness, and axiological differences between feminine comparisons in the speech of the characters and in the author’s speech. The article pays attention to the text-forming function of comparatives in the broad sense in the language of the novel The Kukotsky Enigma by Lуudmila Ulitskaya, namely to «the correlation of the tropes and realities». Keywords: gender, feminine comparison, the methods of expressing the semantic category «comparativeness», allusions, Ulitskaya’s novel The Kukotsky Enigma | 1897 | |||||
| 3932 | Lyurya N.A. .. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 1998. Issue 1 (4). P. 12-15 . | 1896 | |||||
| 3933 | Gas flow through porous media is characterized by large vortex structures and large friction coefficients, resulting in an extensive momentum and interphase energy exchange between gas and the solid phase. The model used for flow in porous regions is at once both a generalization of the Navier-Stokes equations and of Darcy's law commonly used for flows in porous regions. The model retains both advection and diffusion terms and so can be used where such effects are important. In deriving the continium equations, it assumed that 'infinitecimal' control volumes and surfaces are large relative to the interstitutal spacing of the porous medium, through small relative to the scales that we wish to resolve. Thus, given control cells and control surfaces are assumed to contain both solid and gas regions. Based on this model, an efficient numerical technique has been developed and a numerical algorithm has been produced to study the processes in the porous medium channel. | 1896 | |||||
| 3934 | The article deals with the different types of communicative conditionality of word-formation processes: the correlation of word-formation with the formal aspects of textual structure and the conceptual development of national discourse. | 1896 | |||||
| 3935 | The article is devoted to business education at high school. The aim of business education is to develop pupils' business culture through advertising projection. The facultative practical work «Bases of advertising activity», first, helps to pupils irrespective of the future speciality to develop business abilities. Secondly, to fix business values. Thirdly, to master the conceptual device on bases of advertising activity, to get basic knowledge, skills necessary for orientation and existence in the modern market world, to create bases for further study of economic disciplines in Universities. In a result to generate business culture. Keywords: business culture, advertising projection, advertising, facultative practical work, business, pupils of high school, pedagogics | 1896 | |||||
| 3936 | The article represents a variant of interpretation of the meaning of ornamental motifs of Kulajsky cultural and historical community that had been living in Ob’s region in the Early Iron Age. Keywords: ornament, motif, sacral texts, equivalence, semantics, hunting and fishing implements | 1896 | |||||
| 3937 | The profilisation of the educational environment is way of modernization of activity of educational institutes on a basis of the person-focused approach by change of structure and the maintenance of education, updating of bases of its organization, forms and methods of interaction of participants of educational process. In article the question of formation of readiness of the participants of pedagogical process to activity in conditions of the profilisation of the educational environment is considered. Levels preschool, the general and vocational training are analyzed. Keywords: the profilisation, the educational environment, formation of readiness, participants of pedagogical process, activity | 1896 | |||||
| 3938 | This research is devoted to features of a newspaper style (category of social evaluation). Valery Nemirov’s works (newspaper “Kuznetsky rabochy”, Novokuznetsk) are materials for analysis. Methods and means representing social evaluation are described in the article. Keywords: a newspaper style, artistic social and political essays, an author, social evaluation | 1896 | |||||
| 3939 | The article is devoted to methodological the analysis of philosophical statement of the problem of integration of scientific and religious cognitions in psychology presented in the work by S. Frank “Man’s Soul”. The critical investigation of the solution received as a result of phenomenological study of the problem shows its incompleteness and limitedness, mostly in the ontological aspect, and the necessity of development of the cognitive aspect of holistic knowledge in psychology based on the principles of the onto-anthropological approach. Keywords: the problem of integration in psychology, philosophical psychology, holistic knowledge, ontognosiological approach, intuitive comprehension, onto-anthropological | 1896 | |||||
| 3940 | The article gives the first ecological estimation of Cicerbita uralensis (Rouy) Beauverd habitat according to the scales by D. N. Tsyganov (1983). The ontogenesis of C. uralensis growing in the republic of Mari El is described, the scheme of its ontomorphogenesis is made and the ontogenetic structure of cenopopulation is studied for the first time. It is found out that depending on the conditions of the habitat C. uralensis can form two life forms: shortrhizomatous on waterless meadows and shortrhizomatous stoloniferous in fir-lime woods. Keywords: Cicerbita uralensis, biomorphology, life form, ontobiomorph, ontogenesis, ontomorphogenesis, ontogenetic structure, ecological estimation of the habitat | 1896 | |||||
| 3941 | In this article we discuss the basic problems of mathematical education in higher school, which are related primarily to the students’ total lack of motivation in achieving success in learning, as well as the teachers’ lack of understanding of the importance of methods of teaching mathematics, their inability and unwillingness to improve the professional qualities. We suggest effective versions of constructing the educational process, which provide compulsory increase of quality of mathematical education. Keywords: methods of teaching mathematics, innovation education technologies, mathematical education, quality of mathematical knowledge, higher school, motivation in achieving success | 1896 | |||||
| 3942 | The paper considers pedagogical context of the problem of university teacher professional autonomy. Peculiarities of the investigation of university teacher professional autonomy within the context of Russian and foreign pedagogical science are analyzed. This teacher personality attribute is compared with the other phenomena characterizing different aspects of autonomy in teacher professional activity. The article reveals such aspects of autonomy in teaching as provided autonomy and perceived autonomy. Keywords: university teacher, professional autonomy, provided autonomy, perceived autonomy | 1896 | |||||
| 3943 | The article presents the results of the aothors’ research on the impact of orthostatic sustainability on the physical development of the two age groups (11–15 years and 17–21 years), involved in sports with heavy lifting. Discovers the presence of hypertensive variant of orthostatic reactions in the younger group and the practical absence of it in the senior group. Also reveals the influence of orthostatic response of the cardiovascular system on the performance of physical fitness of the involved. Makes the conclusion about the need to integrate the data on the orthostatic testing at the initial stages of training athletes when working with heavy weights. Keywords: orthostatic stability, straining, physical development | 1896 | |||||
| 3944 | Koryukina E.V. .. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 1998. Issue 5 (8). P. 41-47 . | 1895 | |||||
| 3945 | In this clause the urgent questions of global crisis of mankind XX of century and development of Christian pedagogic as a condition of its overcoming are considered (examined). Revival of Christian pedagogic, reference to experience of domestic and foreign formation, embodi¬ment in practice of historical experience Christian, proba¬bly, in opinion of the author through the system of forma¬tion as an institute of social formation of the man. | 1895 | |||||
| 3946 | The paper deals with the problem of teaching the foreign languages in Tomsk in XIX-XX centuries with cultural develop¬ment of Siberia and formation of social consciousness of the local population. Intensive teaching of the foreign languages in the Tomsk province dates back to foundation of the Tomsk University and an increase of secondary general and special edu¬cational institutions. | 1895 | |||||
| 3947 | One of the most important problems of modern education is analyzed in the article. The authors are sure that in situation of economical destabilny Russia is in want of a teacher of high political and world view culture and civil fortitude. | 1895 | |||||
| 3948 | . | 1895 | |||||
| 3949 | The distinction character of the Whole and the Entity and the resemblance character of the Entity and the Unity of Yamvlih from Syrien are researched. There are two points of view about the Unity. The Unity is the beginning of the simple number row and, simultaneously, the beginning of the number, which this Unity embraces and forms. The second meaning concurs with Yamvlih from Syrien idea about the Unity who understands it as the all-absorbing (ubiquitous) reality, which embraces and maintains everything in itself indistinguishably. On the other hand it concurs with the meaning of the Entity as the all-embracing beginnig, which excepts every distinction and engenders everything from itself. | 1895 | |||||
| 3950 | In this article we study the realization of class principle of army recruitment on a regional scale. The latest statistic data are also reported. It is shown that for reforming and recruiting of modern army forces of Russia we should be critical and also take the previous experience of the army development into consideration. | 1895 | |||||