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# | Article | Downloads | |||||
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3601 | The article deals with the discussion of the origin of power of the bishop power in Russia. It analyses the debate on the recent Russian bishoprics and the list of bishops of the period. The study examines the issue of recruitment for the posts of bishops. Keywords: Russia of the 10th – early 13th centuries, сhristianity, orthodoxy, archbishop, bishop | 999 | |||||
3602 | The article deals with oikonyms of Turkic origin on the territory of Azerbaijan that are analysed on the basis of scientific-theoretical and factual material. Historical excursus makes it possible to trace formation and development of the Azerbaijani language. The toponyms mentioned in the ancient sources, works are studied. It is emphasized that there are quite a lot of elements among the paleotoponyms functioning in the modern system of Azerbaijani toponyms and such elements are related to the different layers of the languages of the ancient Turkic clans and tribes. Is given etymological and structural-semantic analysis of the most interesting oikonyms. Keywords: toponyms, oikonyms, elements, layer, tribes, origin, ancient Turkic | 999 | |||||
3603 | The article deals with various aspects of a person harmonious living in the environment. It is noted it should be considered as a set of architectural spaces: natural and artificial objects and subjects being in close interaction with each other. The modern technologies allow shaping environmental objects not spontaneously but reasonably. These technologies include UV printing. The suggested approach allows making one more step towards this goal. Keywords: environment, UV printing, harmony, architecture, decorative and artistic design, restoration, images | 999 | |||||
3604 | Different climatic conditions (wind, thermal air mode, soil and ground conditions, local relief, snowy regime etc.) and their influence on the urban planning in the North in the 1920–30-ies are examined in the article. The author analyzes the normative-legal base in the urban planning and archive data to account for local conditions in construction of that period. Keywords: natural-climatic factor, urban planning, construction, North | 999 | |||||
3605 | . | 999 | |||||
3606 | In the article we considered the history of fitness development as kind of motive activity of the population and sociocultural event of XX century. There are definitions of aerobics and fitness. We compare and summarise the experience of fitness-industry development in Russia and in the USA. K. Cooper, J. Fond and J. Miller are the founders of fitness in the United States. We show the periodization of historical steps of the fitness development. L. V. Sidneva and O. S. Slutsker are the creators of the organized system of fitness industry in Russia. We describe the activities of Russian fitness-aerobics Federation in the modern period. Also we characterize the experience of the implementation of fitness in the system of physical education of students. We determine the place and the role of modern fitness in the system of the health-improvement physical culture. Keywords: fitness, physical activity, physical culture, aerobics, healthy lifestyle, fitness-industry | 999 | |||||
3607 | The article is devoted to the formation of new words in the Russian language of the eastern emigration of the 20–40s of the XX century. The object of analysis is the new words which appeared in the Russian language of the Eastern abroad as a result of word-formation. First of all different morphological means of word-formation, variety of suffixal and affixal methods and compressive word-formation are under examination more often. Word-formation models and their activity in the Russian language of Eastern abroad are investigated on the material of the Harbin journal “Rubezh” which has been published in Harbin since 1926 till 1945 years, memorial sources by I. Dyakov, E. Taskina, E. Shirinskaya and others, and works of art of Russian Eastern countries. Conditions for the functioning of the Russian language in Harbin of the first half of the twentieth century are seen as unique, contributing not only to preservation but also to the full functioning of the Russian language in Manchuria. The article analyzes 45 new lexical items created in the language of the eastern countries: Nouns (77.8 per cent of appellation of total new words), Pronouns (17.8 per cent), Verbs (it is only one word in our work), Adverbs (it is only one word in our work too). Keywords: Russian language of Eastern abroad, Harbin, word formation, word-formative model, affixation | 999 | |||||
3608 | . | 998 | |||||
3609 | The Problem with Man's health as an important an¬thropological constituent a is being considered in this pa¬per. Modern understanding of Man presents his structure as a golographical element of cosmos, in this way creating a new paradigm of antropocosmism. Metaphysical princi¬ples of medicine form a system which integrates into the analytical pouter of Western and the synthetic one of Eastern medicine. The Individual and his organism contain both his own antonomy and entegrity of the whole being. The problem of physical, spiritual and morat health of Man can be solved on the bases of the above mentioned prin¬ciples. | 998 | |||||
3610 | This text is about the problem of reading. How can we read epitaph? Keep out seriously philosophical notice about that and keep sincerity at the same time. Besides this text tells us about the writing problem. How do we write when we are writing epitaph? I think, writing is much close to making-up (and creating image). I describe some figures and structures of this kind of writing and discuss the ethical problem relevant to philosophical aspects of this idea. | 998 | |||||
3611 | The article represents an attempt to describe the ba¬sic problems arising at construction of the course «The Russian Literature of XXth century» and offers the cate¬gory of «art unity» as one of opportunities to overcome the gap between studied and taught material. | 998 | |||||
3612 | The article is devoted to the analysis of professio¬nal training of a future physical training teacher. On the basis of the analysis of theoretical and scien¬tific sources, and own practical experience of the work in the Pedagogical University the author reveals basic and productive means of professional training under¬lying the priority of moral and physical health under the conditions of person-oriented education. | 998 | |||||
3613 | In the article by L.A. Dyrkova the concept of national revival of Russia suggested by A.I. Solzhenitsyn is investigated. In the article, special attention is paid to constructive and real strategy of national development which, according to the writer, will help to lift the country from crisis during the post communistic period. | 998 | |||||
3614 | Authors on the basis of the analysis of the literary data, accessible normative materials and own psychological researches give the characteristic of conditions of professional work, personal features and components of a way of life of modern employees of militia who are carrying out official duties, connected with a safety of passengers Росийского railway, air and a sailing charter. The characteristic of professionally significant, personal qualities and requirements of professional suitability to the maintenance of vocational training in such structures as the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia is given. Carried out researches have the important scientific and practical value | 998 | |||||
3615 | The paper represents mechanisms of transition the molecules of the solvent and ions under influence gradient of the pressure, the temperature, concentration of the dissolved salts and electroosmos in peat, as well as accompanying processes of the ion exchange and change the structure of the material Keywords: Peat deposit, water solution, high molecular substances, mass transit, ion exchange processes, temperature | 998 | |||||
3616 | The article considers the problem of displays of addictive behaviour in video game practice of a modern teenager. The author is oriented to a paradigm of existential pedagogy and focuses its attention on the unique ontologic status of subjectness category in the process of individual development, and also on possible supervenient experiences of subjectness deficiency by a person. Keywords: addictive behaviour, existential pedagogy, subjectness, teenager, video games | 998 | |||||
3617 | Different translations of Chekhov's narrative «A Dreary Story» into the French language are considered in this work. Translator's choice of a narrative title is in the center of our attention. Difficulties of a translation process which are connected with unbiased language peculiarities, specific character of Chekhov's works, and difficulties of the story itself are analyzed. Keywords: Chekhov, «A Dreary Story», translation into the French language, translator's decision | 998 | |||||
3618 | An important aspect of the social policy of the war years is considered: the employment of the servicemen’s family members. The forms and methods of this work and its results are showed. Keywords: the Great Patriotic War, West Siberia, families of servicemen, social policy, employment | 998 | |||||
3619 | The problems of education of youth and development of social activity of the person through participation in school and student’s self-management are analyzed in the article. The author considers questions of continuity in education and organization of self-management in high school. Keywords: students self-management, continuity, social activity, education system of high school | 998 | |||||
3620 | The demographic situation in Russia and Tomsk region, and also factors formations influencing processes and developments of a mental potential of the population is analyzed. The contribution of human potential to creation of public riches is considered. Keywords: demographic processes, a intellectual potential, human potential, dynamics of population of region, migration | 998 | |||||
3621 | The article is devoted to the interaction of the understanding of time in a religious cult and the understanding of time in the culture. Discusses the characteristics of the time in a religious cult. Examines the impact of the understanding of time in the culture of the religious cult on the example of the liturgical reforms of patriarch Nikon. Keywords: culture, a religious cult, the time, the liturgical reforms of patriarch Nikon | 998 | |||||
3622 | The author of the article analyzes the three mechanisms of formation of administrative policy in the Altay mountain district: congresses of administrative staff, emergency information collection and use of the mobile expert. The work shows dynamics of mechanisms’ development in the conditions of active transformation in the management system because of economic dominant’s change in the Altay industrial-territorial complex. Keywords: Altai mining district, administrative policy, S. P. Shvetsov, K. N. Mirotvortsev | 998 | |||||
3623 | In this article an option of designing specialized competences of graduates specialized in IT directions developed by author is offered. Such competences are missing in the state educational standards of the 3rd generation and are developed by universities independently. Keywords: professional competence, specialized competences, specialization, information system and technologies, specialized competences, geology, oil and gas production | 998 | |||||
3624 | There were considered backgrounds of the establishment of Tomsk branch (Scientific Center) of the Siberian Department of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (Russian Academy of Sciences). The emphasis was put on the preparatory stage of organization of the academic science in Tomsk city. The authors investigated the history of formation of the hard core of the scientific center during period under review. There was made a conclusion on functioning of the network of Tomsk academic institutions as unified complex for carrying out scientific research. Keywords: Tomsk scientific center, academic institute, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, scientist, directororganizer, scientific research | 998 | |||||
3625 | The article is devoted to the syncretic nature of the genre and style of journalistic texts with letter format, implementation details of categories and social value of agitation and affecting the function. The material research is the epistolary heritage of the Russian writer and publicist V. P. Astafieva. Keywords: genre, style, epistolary genre, journalistic style, epistolary text, epistolary discourse epistolary essays | 998 | |||||
3626 | The paper deals with the rationale for the relevance of measuring the level of development of the ability to manipulate spatial objects by the students when studying geometric and graphic disciplines. It describes the path from the author’s final psychological test adapted to the test in three versions for use in research. Keywords: spatial thinking, discipline, geometric and graphic cycle, test, reliability test, the validity of the test | 998 | |||||
3627 | The article is devoted to the different points of view on the phenomenon of deceived expectations. On the example of the M.I. Tsvetaeva’s poem the author reveals regulatory opportunities of deceived expectations. Besides, the author pays attention to its role in the semantic development of poetic text and in the formation of its emotional tone. Keywords: regulatory function of the text, regulatory opportunities, regulatory structure, the type of extension, deceived expectations | 998 | |||||
3628 | The article deals with the proposed by American economist and Nobel laureate Elinor Ostrom mechanism of management of objects of common use: the alternative to privatization and nationalization. This option is based on the spontaneous order of self-organization and decentralization of management, as well as the rejection of attempts to develop a general national strategy for managing these resources. This approach poses new challenges to the economy of the forest sector in Russia in shaping the strategy of economic development of forestry. Keywords: tragedy of the commons, common resources, privatization, self-organization, spontaneous order, decentralization, economics of forestry, the management of collective property | 998 | |||||
3629 | One of the forms of investing the risk projects – venture financing – is considered in the article. Its influence on the country-recipient’s economy and advantages of the others forms of financing are defined. The problems of attracting venture capital among developing countries and, in particularly, in Russia are analyzed. According to the successful experience of the developed countries the recommendations of effective stimulating and using venture capital are developed. The system of venture business developing for developing countries is presented. Keywords: venture capital, developing countries, innovative development, small entrepreneurship, government support | 998 | |||||
3630 | The author explanes organizational and substantive aspect of the design features of educational environment in the school that implements inclusive practices. The government recognition of the principle of equal opportunities for all children, including children with disabilities, has given the possibility of joint training of children with disabilities with their healthy peers. Creating an inclusive educational environment at school has identified the need to find effective ways of inclusion and equitable engagement of pupils with disabilities with their typically developing peers. The design of the school educational environment implies consideration of the special educational needs of various categories of children with disabilities. Keywords: inclusive education, barrier-free environment, integration, children with disabilities, tolerance | 998 | |||||
3631 | The result of the modern civil-patriotic education from the point of view of public documents is the civil identity. The article considers the theses in the titles of which the concept “civil identity” occcurs. The purpose of the work is the identification of degree of study of civil identity in the humanities during the period from 1991 to 2016. The discursive method and the method of content analysis as a result of application of which the author made an attempt to develop a technique of the discursive analysis of dissertation researches of civil identity belong to the used methods. The result of the developed technique is the creation of periodization of the development of the concept “civil identity”. The received results can be applied in pedagogical and other researches where application of the discursive method is justified. The author of the article came to the following conclusions: in development of the concept “civil identity” during the period from 1991 to 2016 it is possible to allocate three stages. The first period of 1991–2000 is a stage of the reflection of public consciousness, scientific community concerning the processes happening in society, connected with its crisis, reorganization of consciousness, values, etc. The second period of 2000–2010 is a stage of historical and sociopolitological studying of a concept, understanding of a problem of civil identity of the Russians in the Russian reality; there is a studying of civil identity from the point of view of its crisis in society. The third period of 2010–2016 is a stage for which psychology and pedagogical and philosophical judgment of a concept of civil identity, studying from the point of view of the importance of civil identity is characteristic of the personality, of its self-implementation, and also methods of its forming in different social groups. Civil identity is studied from the point of view of such sciences as sociology, philosophy, political science, pedagogics, history, psychology, to a lesser extent of the last two. Due to the lack of the research system, almost all of them have fragmentary character and are devoted to private questions. Keywords: discursive analysis, civil identity, content analysis, periodization of development of the concept “civil identity” | 998 | |||||
3632 | On the basis of conversations between the six-year-old boy and his mother the organization and ways of adultchild communication, semantics, pragmatics, and discourse language are revealed. Taken for study parameters, described in general, fit into the existing models of discursive analysis, which as an object considers oral dialogue. In particular, strategies, objectives, control over the course and change of types of speech activity, channels, tone, genres are described. Metacommunicative indicators and their role in organizational communication are determined. On the basis of speech characteristics, the question of whether the constitutive characteristics of discourse are in conversations is positively solved: fixed relative design, thematic and structural unity, relative semantic completeness. It is established that gaming and learning/cognitive strategies prevail; genre repertoire combines traditional children’s genres, popular science literature for children and new formats of the entertainment industry (cartoon, computer game); in the thematic field, modern cartoons, games (computer, desktop, mobile), history of inventions, microcosm, etc. prevail. Values and assessments are not emphasized. The analysis of the discourse testified to various cultural attitudes of the elderly and younger informants. Special appeal for boy new formats of the entertainment industry is faced with restrictions from his mother on viewing of this production. Keywords: discourse, child, strategies, genres, topics of discourse | 998 | |||||
3633 | Aim and objectives. This issue is relevant for modern print journalism, which publishes materials on the economic theme. Since the book vocabulary is an effective means of expression and a tool for the implementation of the author’s plan, the use of book words in such texts goes far beyond highly specialized terminology. Among this kind of vocabulary can be called terms from other areas of scientific knowledge, used mainly in a figurative sense, outdated and old vocabulary, words of poetic speech, etc. The aim of the work is to consider the main functions of the book vocabulary in the journalistic economic text, as well as to identify the main tasks that it performs in publications on the economic theme. Material and methods. The work is done mainly by the method of comparative analysis of the language means of journalistic texts on the economic theme of the daily newspaper “Moskovsky Komsomolets” and the business newspaper “RBK”, because they cover important economic topics, publish materials in different genres and present readers with different points of view. Results. The first of these tasks, which performs book vocabulary in the text of economic publication, is the transfer of the author’s assessment, the journalist’s attitude to the subject of speech. In addition, book words can be a means of creating irony. The second task is explained by the desire of the author of the published material to draw the reader’s attention to the text as a whole or to individual problems addressed in it. To do this, journalists often resort to noneconomic terms used in a figurative sense, and to Patriotic vocabulary, inscribing it in a variety of contexts. Note that book words can become a kind of stylistic frame of the text. Conclusion. According to the results of the work, it is concluded that book vocabulary is one of the most effective tools of journalistic creativity. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that at the moment there are no scientific papers on the use of language tools in the texts of economic journalism. The results obtained in the course of the work can be used to train future journalists. Keywords: functions of literary vocabulary, economic discourse, author’s assessment, media text, means of expression, terminology, outdated vocabulary | 998 | |||||
3634 | Eremin L. P. . // Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 1999. Issue 7 (16). P. 64-65 . | 997 | |||||
3635 | The conception of competition ability is of great interest to modern science. This article deals with interaction and in-terconnection of competition abilities of firms and national economics. The idea is that every country can have competition ability on the national and foreign market if its firms and economy stands the competition. The factors of competition abilities of firms and national economics are different but interdependent. | 997 | |||||
3636 | The article presents the author’s experience in acquainting non-Russian speaking students majoring in philology with orthodox spiritual culture. The author resorts to biblical texts, popular spiritual literature, folklore texts on the topic, namely proverbs, sayings, phraseological units pertaining to the sphere of ‘popular religion’. The author highlights methodological concerns relevant to the issue, discusses teaching techniques to be used in class, develops criteria for choosing study material, and presents sample tasks on using folklore material in class and during out-of-class activities | 997 | |||||
3637 | The paper presents four formalization levels for logical structure of mathematical material of secondary school. Didactic conditions of transition to each level are considered. The author proceeds from the criteria of methodical expediency and disengagement. The work is aimed at arrangement of conditions for more deliberate and in-depth study of the subject content. Besides, general logical skills of students are formed by means of educational area «Mathematics», and, thus, general- cultural potential of this educational area is realized more completely and effectively. | 997 | |||||
3638 | The article is devoted to the problems of Additional Pedagogical Department’s foundation and development. These departments were a social movement and a powerful resource in upbringing of students all over the country at the beginning of the 60–80-s | 997 | |||||
3639 | The paper outlines the endangered Siberian language documentation and description program undertaken by the department of Siberian indigenous languages of Tomsk State Pedagogical University. The project is aimed at developing the database of the endangered languages of Ob-Yenissei linguistic area and exemplifies theoretical, methodological and empirical aspects of the areal typological study of these languages, their culture and ethnography, and hypotheses of their contact interaction and mutual evolution. Keywords: endangered languages of Siberia, areal typology, language documentation | 997 | |||||
3640 | The article is devoted to the approaches to the integration of e-learning with traditional training tools for school Mathematics, based on example of e-educational complex in mathematics for primary school; it describes in detail the structure of electronic complex. Keywords: school textbook with a new type of computer support, e-education complex in mathematics. | 997 | |||||
3641 | The article deals with the theme of torn consciousness as integrative component of all Dmitry Prigov’s creativity. This feature of thinking is being built to representations about the duality of Russian culture as its fundamental properties. Keywords: conceptualism, torn consciousness, comic, pathetique, binary culture. | 997 | |||||
3642 | In the paper we depict the process of forming the national myth about revival of sinful woman in the Russian literature of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries. The three stages are examined in series. The first is the creation of the myth based on the “initial” motive about Jesus the Christ and Mary Magdalene and realized embodied in the traditional model “male redeemer/female victim” in the works by N. V. Gogol’, N. A. Nekrasov, N. G. Chernyshevsky (the 30–60s). The second is the myth’s destruction in the works by A. I. Levitov, A. P. Chekhov (the 60–80s of the nineteenth century). And finally, the third is creation of the neomyth about female redeemer in the works by F. M. Dostoevsky and L. Andreev. Keywords: Russian literature, myth, neomyth, women in literature | 997 | |||||
3643 | In the present study I make specifi c claims about the borrowing of structural categories and the impact of such borrowings on structural typology. I argue that certain linguistic strategies for clause combining are readily borrowed and that massive borrowing of these categories can result in structural change so extensive/signifi cant that the result is typological shift. Eurasia has long been identifi ed as a particular type of language typology. Early typological studies [1] identifi ed correlations between verb-fi nal word order, postpositions, relative clause before the noun, and, signifi cantly for the present study, subordinate clause before the main verb. Subsequent studies have shown that these correlations are statistically signifi cant only in Eurasia, suggesting that Eurasia is itself a zone for areal typology [2]. Siberia is an important part of that zone, and the indigenous languages of Siberia, are OV (namely the Mongolic, Tungusic and Turkic languages, Chukchi, Itelmen, Nivkh, and Yukaghir, as well as the Eskaleut languages). In the present paper I argue that the Siberian languages are undergoing typological shift as a result of contact with Russian, a change which began prior to language attrition which is now well underway for many if not all of the indigenous languages with small numbers of speakers. Keywords: language contact, borrowing, grammatical categories, clause-linkage, Tungusic languages, Siberia | 997 | |||||
3644 | Application of a conceptual model of information-synergetic approach to determine the reasons for the formation of anthropological bioethics reveals the new trend of philosophical studies – the memory-turn. Combining research positions – Identify memory-turn based on the interpretation of the information mechanisms of sociocultural dynamics (I. V. Melik-Gaykazyan), and an understanding of bioethics as a form of protection of identity in contemporary culture (T. V. Meshcheryakova) – allows you to discover a contradiction in continuing professional education between the inevitable standardization of the individual and the requirements of the personality meet the criteria of creative class. The paper presents some results of the project RFBR № 10–06–00313 “Attractive Management: Methodological Principles of Managing Complex Systems' Dynamics”. Keywords: memory-turn, knowledge society, creative class, educational systems, educational aims, bioethics, individuality, professional education, borders of education, education technologies, educational environment, borders, models and stages of information proce | 997 | |||||
3645 | The article deals with the peculiarities of implementing politeness as a pragmatic category in pre-sequenced advice, depending on the age of communicators, their social status and relationships between them. The results of investigating Russian and American socio-cultures show that in Russian socio-culture explicit performatives are the most polite if there are offi cial relationships between interlocutors; interrogatives and assertives are the most polite if there are unoffi cial relationships between interlocutors. In American socio-culture when there are null and offi cial relationships between interlocutors, assertives with the modal verbs could and might are the most polite, and when there are unoffi cial relationships between interlocutors assertives in the subjunctive mood are the most polite. Keywords: contrastive pragmatics, politeness, directive speech acts, pre-sequenced advice, socio-pragmatic factors | 997 | |||||
3646 | In the article on the material of poetic discourse of I. Severianin, represented by a collection of poems “Gromokipyaschy Cup” (1913), the author describes types and kinds of lexical regulatory structures based on the stylistic devices of syntactic parallelism. General tendencies and idiostylistic peculiarities, which are used by the founder of egofuturism are observed. These regulative structures do not only provide connectivity of the text and its fragments but also are important for understanding of the meaning at these levels. Keywords: poetic text, egofuturism, regulativity, lexical regulative structures based on the stylistic device of syntactical parallelism | 997 | |||||
3647 | The article deals with the condition for individual potential development in supplementary professional education system. Authors provide comparative analyses of educational environment approaches in domestic and foreign andragogy. Keywords: labour potential, supplementary education, supplementary professional education system, andragogy | 997 | |||||
3648 | The article is devoted to revealing the peculiarities of toponyms functioning in Selkup folklore and everyday life stories. The paper investigates different types of folklore texts, e. g. heroic folk tales, fairy tales, tales about sacred places. Every fairy tale is a complex folklore work that contains all plot constituent parts, characters with their speech peculiarities, philosophic or instructive conclusions. Many aspects of fairy tales discourse are not thoroughly investigated and need detailed linguistic study. The analysis of toponyms and its kinds (hydronyms, oronyms, oikonyms) involved in plot building of folklore stories is given. The special attention is paid to the stylistic device metamorphosis which is a characteristic feature of Selkup fairy tale discourse. Analyzing folk and mythological plots the author determines ways, reasons, character and motivation of metamorphoses that happened with people or objects involved in the narration. Keywords: the Selkup language, Selkup ethnos, folklore, folklore genres, everyday life stories, toponyms, hydronyms, stylistic device, metamorphosis, national-cultural background, worldview | 997 | |||||
3649 | The article deals with the features of teaching of meteorology and hydrology to the students of geography at Tomsk state pedagogical university. It demonstrates the results of the study of major difficulties for the students during the study of meteorology and hydrology. The article presents the examples of realization of remote technologies MOODLE (Modular Object Oriented Digital Learning Environment) for training of the subject “Modern problems of hydrometeorology” for masters. The article shows that the best development of spatial thinking of students occurs during the analysis of the climatic maps. If the student chooses a theme, then the project activity is more effective. Describes the test results of students-geographers in the assessment of current and residual knowledge in meteorology and hydrology. Educational field practice, including tours to the meteorological station, is considered as a necessary activity for the successful mastering of meteorology and hydrology. For effective studying of meteorology and hydrology students need to carry out measurements using various meteorological instruments. For investigation of water quality in small rivers of Tomsk region the field laboratories are used. The results of students’ research during the training practices are widely used for writing articles and bachelor’s final work. The article presents didactic recommendations for teachers starting to teach meteorology and hydrology at the pedagogical universities. Keywords: meteorology, climatology, hydrology, interdisciplinary communication, spatial thinking, professional competence, higher education | 997 | |||||
3650 | The article deals with the peculiarities of the use of euphemisms and dysphemisms belonging to the functionalsemantic field of death. Euphemisms became important bricks in the walls people have built to keep the dead from making them uncomfortable. The most fertile ground for euphemizing is one where open discussion of a topic is taboo. So it was with sex in the Victorian era, and so it became with death after World War II. Postwar advice books counseled parents to avoid talking about this subject with their children. Having done their best to avoid anything connected with the dying and dead, English-speaking communities replaced associated expressions considered too direct with soothing alternatives. The words ‘passed away’, or simply ‘passed’, and ‘gone’ are the most prevalent synonyms for ‘died’. Much has been written on the psychology of denying imminent death. Euphemisms clearly have an important role to play in this denial process. Growing interest in death and dying during recent decades, supported by several publications on the subject, suggests a certain willingness to face the topic squarely in print. This willingness, however, is not reflected in everyday discourse which can be proved by mass literature contexts. In addition to euphemisms there exist various dysphemisms and slang words. Like euphemisms, dysphemisms are motivated by fear and distaste, but also by hatred and contempt. Slang expressions and dysphemistic terms of insult or disrespect should be avoided in speech and teaching a language. Keywords: functional-semantic field, semantic vagueness, conceptual category, death, euphemism, dysphemism | 997 |