| # | Article | Downloads | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3051 | Based on in-depth analysis of the categories of “professional competence”, “readiness for professional activity”, ”partnerships”, analysis of the personal characteristics and the specific activity of a social pedagogue, the authors defined the component of the readiness of the expert to the partnership; the authors present understanding of the key concepts of the problem. Keywords: partnership, readiness to partnership, social educator, professional competence | 1960 | |||||
| 3052 | In the article, on basis of the archive sources, the author studies different parts of the Tomsk Engineering and Building Institute (TEBI)’s Komsomol Organization within 1985–87 Anti-alcohol Campaign. A typical personal feature of Komsomol breakers is established by him. Social control measures by Komsomol in its youth work, and the external conditions that helped or disturb this is analyzed also. He justifies a social and scientific topicality of this problem study in the modern Russian terms. Keywords: students, Komsomol, Prohibition, punishment | 1960 | |||||
| 3053 | The article reviewes the problem of scientific selection of the content of teaching physics in the present conditions of training engineersof innovative type. Discusses development of motivation in students and innovative thinking as a means of execution of the target species of educational innovation activity of students. Gives the example of the modification of the known tasks performed independently by the students as a part of the project. On this basis, the concept of the educational potential of standard tasks is introdused. Educational potential is a combination of the resources for transformation of the tasks into the projects to produce important results. Gives the scheme of the Van der Graaf generator, developed by the students from improvised materials, discusses the results of a survey of students to find ou their attitude toward the project implementation activities. For example, we compare students' predictions to what they report before having seen the demonstration, discuss the answers both right after the demonstration and several weeks later. Keywords: teaching physics, innovation thinking, motivation of students, problems in electrodynamics | 1960 | |||||
| 3054 | The article discusses the characteristics of cognitive mechanisms of semantic transformations in phraseological units (FU): literal interpretation, dual actualization and reinterpretation. The author analyses the particular examples of semantic transformations in FU found in the letters. The article explores general principles in functioning of cognitive mechanisms of semantic transformations in FU and their distinctive features. In the analysis of the contextual use of transformed phraseological units there are used the data of extra-linguistic category contained in the comments to letters, reference literature. The author believes that literal interpretation of FU is provided by the associative relationship with the component composition of each of FU. If cognitive mechanisms ensuring this technique does not work, it does not affect the decoding of meaning. During dual actualization lexical meanings of components of FU and phraseological meanings operate simultaneously, layering. The author focuses on the “dual” meaning of such units, achievable by this technique, and relies on the effect of this semantic technique. If the mechanism fails, some part of the coded by this method information becomes lost for recipient. Reinterpretation gives FU an occasional sense. The author of the article proves that encoding can be successful if the semantic content of FU is explained by means of surrounding context. Keywords: phraseological unit, semantic transformations, cognitive mechanisms, epistolary | 1960 | |||||
| 3055 | The establishment of an information society led to the massive use of modern gadgets and led to the fact that children have difficulty in direct communication, adaptation, especially in an unfamiliar environment, as well as contributes to the deterioration of children’s health, due to sedentary lifestyles. The leading role in the process of formation of the valuable relation to the world, to himself and to other people belongs to a secondary school. In the modern educational space to solve these problems optimally is possible not separately within the institution, but in the form of networking. Stakeholders create social and educational environment for a more successful social adaptation of the individual student. One of the effective means that children get from tourism and regional studies is the socialization and preservation of health. The authors present the mechanism of leading educational institutions’ networking: Municipal autonomous educational institution of secondary school number 28 in Tomsk and municipal budgetary educational institution of additional education of childhood and youth house “Our harbor” Tomsk. As part of the networking was created an innovative platform of municipal tourist and regional studies, which is being implemented under the conditions of socio-pedagogical project “Formation of socially-adapted person taught with the help of the tourist and local lore activity in conditions of an integrated socio-educational developing environment of general and supplementary education”. We present two authors’ models: the model of socio-educational developing environment for the formation of socially-adapted person enrolled in the secondary school № 28 and childhood and youth house “Our Harbour” and the model of formation of socially-adapted person in the conditions of socio-educational developing environment. The article also puts forward a system of monitoring research. Keywords: networking, socio-pedagogical project, extracurricular activities, tourist and regional studies, integrated developing environment, model of educational environment, model of social adaptation of personality | 1960 | |||||
| 3056 | Introduction. Modern corpus-oriented linguistics allows us to study the phenomena of language, expanding the database on which research is based, attracting for analysis the wide possibilities of text and metatext markup of corpus. The aim of this work is to describe, based on the data of the Russian National Corpus, the functional peculiarity of Russian verb prefixes (based on the material of verbs with the prefix pred-), which are «responsible» for the use of the prefixal verb in texts of a certain sphere of functioning and subject matter. Material and methods. The object of this study is the prefix pred- with the prospective semantics «to do an action in advance» and verbs with it, formed according to the model introduced into the Russian language from the Old Slavic language. Based on the statement that the prefix, which has a relative independence in the structure of the verb in comparison with the suffix, is able not only to modify the meaning of the verb, but also to change the scope of its use, the article offers a comparative analysis of the functioning of the verb with the prefix pred- and the corresponding non-prepositional verb by analyzing the sphere of use and the subject of texts in which these units are realized. The article analyzes the occurrences of the verbs in the texts of 9 spheres of functioning (artistic, church-theological, educational-scientific, etc.) and 42 subjects (law, science and technology, politics and public life, etc.). Results and discussion. We suggest that verbs with the prefix pred-, due to its Old Slavic origin, are involved in the texts of the church-religious sphere in modern Russian, as well as in the texts of those spheres of use that correlate with the “predictive” function of prospective verbs. Based on this assumption, we consider pairs of units to predict/say, foresee/see, destine/assign, precede/march, prescribe/write; the percentage of their use in texts of a certain sphere of functioning and subject matter is calculated in relation to the number of texts in this sphere and subject matter; we identify the most significant areas of functioning (church-theological, educational-scientific, artistic, industrial-technical) and subjects of texts (philosophy, philology, astronomy, physics, etc.) in which the studied units are realized. Conclusion. The reference to the data of the Russian National Corpus revealed a change in the sphere of use of verbs with the prefix pred- (less often the subject of texts), which allows us to assert that the prefix is really able to influence the use of verbs with it. Keywords: Russian verb prefixes, prefix pred-, prospective semantics, Russian National Corpus, sphere of functioning, text subject | 1960 | |||||
| 3057 | The article suggests the results of comparative analysis of modern means of programming (programming languages, SCDB, CASE means). The expert estimation of these means opportunities and speed of their development is given. The characteristic features of adaptive training in the field of programming are enumerated. The principles of creation of corresponding methodical provision are formulated: system types, classification on specialization of software and levels of their studying, self-sufficiency (a case provision), development, modality. | 1959 | |||||
| 3058 | The article analyses a possibility to use the stem-building suffix -ein- in the function of the definite article in the gothic language. This suffix is based on the Indo-European pronominal root that used to have a demonstrative meaning (Jener-Deixis). Further use of the suffix -n- as a marker of relation to something resulted in its development into a marker of a constant, typical feature of a thing or a being that made them definite. The meaning of definiteness expressed by the suffix is revealed if one compares the use of abstract nouns derived from the same root and belonging to different declension types in the gothic language. | 1959 | |||||
| 3059 | The present article represents an overview of the data obtained by the authors as a result of a long-term microbiological research of different sorts of peat soils in Russian regions. There are the numerous microbiological indexes confirming the purposefulness of the inclusion of all peat layers in the definition “peat soil” irrespective of its depth Keywords: Peatland, marsh ground, Microbiologicai estimation, monitoring, microbial biomass, track record | 1959 | |||||
| 3060 | The motives of activity are generated by the available requirements, thus new requirements arise under the influence of the developed structure of motives, having generated, these new requirements induce new informative motivation. Keywords: a motivational direction, memory, thinking, motivation, informative motives, social motives, positive motivation, an estimation | 1959 | |||||
| 3061 | The article is devoted to use regulation skills and components of self-control with a view of increase of readiness of pedagogical university students to realization of professional work. In the given research the approach, developed in the laboratory of the Russian Open Society, is used. The author of that method is academician Konopkin O. A., The author proves that under condition of formation of self-control there develops professionalism. Keywords: conscious self-control, pedagogical activity, pedagogical interaction, professionalism, regular skills | 1959 | |||||
| 3062 | The article shows the results of researching the peculiarity of the praise motivation in the structure of suspected, accused and convicted people personality sentenced in -settlement type colony. The author concludes that among offenders the dominative motive is fear to be rejected. This motive becomes apparent in the fear to be non-accepted by respectful people. Keywords: the motive of praise (affilation), striving to acceptance, fear to be rejected, psychology of a convict | 1959 | |||||
| 3063 | The Feuilleton as the small art-publicistic form, characteristic of periodicals and different for topical character of subjects, satirical focusing or humour, was extremely claimed in 1920s in the newspaper «Gudok». The journalism acted as a transitive step, «the border zone» separating (and connecting) journalism and fiction. In this journalistic genre the particular interest is given to the subject of reflection. Keywords: journalism, the feuilleton, a subject, event, process, a situation, the person | 1959 | |||||
| 3064 | In article on the basis of the questioning of the heads of educational establishments the problem of definition of requirements to graduates of pedagogical high schools on a specialty «pedagogics and psychology» is considered. It is determined, that requirements to professional competence of graduates have practical-guided character with obligatory knowledge of rule-legal bases of activity of the teacher and necessary theoretical knowledge on pedagogics and psychology. While passing to two-level system of preparation of experts it is necessary to generate a precise structure of requirements within the framework of professional competence graduates. Keywords: requirements to quality of preparation of teachers-psychologists, professional competence of the teacher-psychologist, two-level system of preparation | 1959 | |||||
| 3065 | The article attempts to analyze well-known in our country and also not translated works of Spanish writerhumanist in as a historical source. Attention is focused on writer’s evaluation of contemporary history of Spain and other European countries. Keywords: Baltasar Gracian, Spanish absolutism, the Spanish humanist literature | 1959 | |||||
| 3066 | Two antropological strategies (selfness and perichoresis) represented in the Christian culture are comparatively analyzed. It is claimed that these anthropological strategies are conceivable only in the personalistic paradigm, according to which a person a self-identical reality, a “center” capable of “anthropological openness” perceived as constitutive disconnection – forming person's constitution, person's identity structure as an anthropological topos, made with the sum of person's communicative acts. Keywords: person, human, Christian culture, anthropological strategies, synergy anthropology, anthropological opening | 1959 | |||||
| 3067 | Shelomok II belongs to the circle of monuments of the Scythian-Siberian world and dates back to the 5th–4th centuries BC. Shelomok II is located 10 km south of Tomsk, on the right bank of the Tom River, on a low ridge of 15–40 m wide and 12–15 m high from the water’s edge. The settlement was discovered by G. V. Trukhin in 1959. In 1971, the monument was examined by L. M. Pletneva. L. M. Pletneva also conducted excavations in 1972, 1973, 1975, 1976, 2001 and 2002. The collections are stored in the TSU Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography of Siberia and in the Seversk Museum. The total excavated area is 1024 square meters. Nine of 19 sites were excavated there. Findings associated with bronze casting, including bronze ingots and droplets, fragments of ladles, casting moulds and a vessel with the presence of metal on its walls, as well as fire pits with the same objects are all evidence of local casting. Horizontal stratigraphy of these findings made it possible to identify production facilities: buildings No. 10 and 11, as well as two fire pits with the same findings in the cultural layer of the settlement. Bronze objects were found in dwellings, workshops and a building of worship. However, only some of the bronze objects were made in this settlement. The rest of the objects found in settlements of the Tomsk Ob River, including Shelomok II, come from the Minusinsk Depression, the Altai, Central Asia, and other regions. Keywords: horizontal stratigraphy, settlement, bronze objects, casting moulds, production facilities | 1959 | |||||
| 3068 | Introduction. Response of the system of education to the requirements of a professional standard of a teacher is constrained by the difficulties of a transitional period, caused by the lack of fundamentally new organizationalmethodical mechanism of the educational system. The analysis of scientific publications, regulatory documents connected with that problem indicates that the requirements for professional training of teachers are formed in the logic of a lifelong learning. Material and methods. To solve research problems, the methods of theoretical analysis of scientific and didactic domestic and foreign literature on the problem under study, methods of psychological, pedagogical and sociological analysis of the state and the needs for teaching staff, systematization of the process of organizing continuous pedagogical education were used. Results and discussion. On the basis of the revealed regularities and principles of formation of the system of a lifelong learning the model of a lifelong pedagogical learning has been developed and substantiated taking into account modern requirements to professional teacher’s qualifications and organizational and pedagogical conditions of its realization have been defined. The presented system of continuous pedagogical education is developing, which is a synergistic integrity of subsystems of the level of general education, vocational education and post-vocational education. Conclusion. The result of the implementation of the developed system of lifelong pedagogical education is the readiness and ability of a graduate of a pedagogical university to meet modern requirements for the professional qualifications of a teacher. The systemic effect of the realization of that model is the teachers’ need for a lifelong pedagogical learning to solve various levels of professional problems. Keywords: lifelong pedagogical learning, professional qualifications, professional education, postgraduate education, educational script | 1959 | |||||
| 3069 | Golubenko T.Y. .. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 1998. Issue 5 (8). P. 17-21 . | 1958 | |||||
| 3070 | The author considers the problem of the corporative culture, underlining that the corporative culture characterizes relations which are formed between people in the process of socially significant activity. The types of cultures appeared in the corporations are divided into west (intividualism) and east (collectivism). The article shows that the formation and the development of corporation passes through some stages connecting with the development of the human society, which are offered by D. Bell (pre-industrial – industrial – post-industrial) and E. Toffler (first, second third waves of civilization). | 1958 | |||||
| 3071 | The role of musical culture as an element of the public mode of life, gradual, step-by-step, non-linear dissemination of different levels of musical culture in the cities of West Siberia from the second half of the XIXth century up to the beginning of the XIXth century are analyzed in this article. The article also discloses dynamics and peculiarities of West Siberian citizens’ access to this kind of art. | 1958 | |||||
| 3072 | The article considers the problems of the formation of future teachers’ professional competences in the process of foreign language teaching which are particularly actual at preset due to the introduction of new Federal State Educational Standards for Higher Professional Education. Interactive teaching, authentic materials and use of new information technologies give great possibilities for developing students’ abilities, skills and knowledge, which will grow into the required teachers’ professional competences. Keywords: formation, future teacher, professional competences, foreign language teaching | 1958 | |||||
| 3073 | The historical-geographical and system methods were used to identify and analyse the main stages of nature management in West Siberia. Periodization of the nature management process provides a means of studying quantitative and qualitative transformations of relations between a nature and the man in different areas of West Siberia. Keywords: history of nature management, natural resources, development, periodization | 1958 | |||||
| 3074 | In this article we apply BRST approach to Lagrangian construction for massive fermionic fields in d-dimensional anti de Sitter space. The obtained Lagrangian theory is a reducible gauge model containing, besides the basic field, a number of auxiliary (Stuckelberg) fields and the order of reducibility grows with the value of the rank of the antisymmetric field. We show that one can get rid of all the auxiliary fields and the final Lagrangian for fermionic antisymmetric field is formulated only in terms of basic field. Keywords: BRST-approach, higher spin field, massive fermionic fields, anti de Sitter space, BRST-operator, Lagrangian, gauge transformation | 1958 | |||||
| 3075 | The article is based on the archive material dated as back as 1920–1930s. The central point of attention is the mechanisms of the cultural change among Selkup people at the critical time for the Russian economy. It was found out that the fi shing traditions and customs of the Selkup population underwent material change because of the new social and economic relations that appeared at the time. As a result of the changes the Selkup economy integrated greatly in the economy of the Soviet society. | 1958 | |||||
| 3076 | In anglophone historiography the modernization in prepetrine Muscovy is considered as the result of the military reforms and the external influences. The sources of such effects were located in the West as well as in the East. The “military revolution” has been recognized as an important aspect of the historical transformation of the state and society. It has identified the development of the fiscal-military state. Whereas the process of the new military technologies translation went out from Europe, the Ottoman Empire and the Golden Horde passed out the autocratic political model “of the Service State” and the concept of the fiscal policy. In the estimates of foreign authors pre-Petrine military reforms were effective enough, but they have increased social and cultural gap between Europe and Russia. Keywords: modernization theory, military revolution theory, pre-petrine Muscovy, modern historiography | 1958 | |||||
| 3077 | In this article the author analyzes the topical problem of language polycultural education of advertising specialists in the linguistic university. The author offers the technology of teaching a foreign language to students of the advertising faculty, thus proving that study of advertising cannot be separated from study of national-cultural specificity and linguistic realities. Keywords: language polycultural education, an individual’s cultural identity, national-cultural specificity, advertising communication, advertising localization | 1958 | |||||
| 3078 | This article describes the criteria and criteria indexes for the children’s social organization assessment, as well as the milestones in the development of the children’s organizations Union of Tomsk region “Chudo”. Keywords: children’s social organization, children’s movement, social designing, evaluation criteria for the organization | 1958 | |||||
| 3079 | The article is the result of content-analysis concerning the development of modern university under the conditions of education services market. The role of staff recourses is characterized through the competitive features and the activities of modern universities and their development. Keywords: education services market, higher educational establishments, competitive features, competitiveness, competitive advantage | 1958 | |||||
| 3080 | The article deals with the first form of implementation of European education, introduced by Peter I – Russian students sending abroad. It gives the opinion on the effectiveness of this policy, as expressed by his contemporaries, and researchers. The author assesses the learning outcomes “volunteersо from the point of view of their influence on the course of modernization processes in Russia New time. The author views the results of “volunteersо learning in terms of its influence on the course of modernization processes in Russia in modern times. The author used previously unpublished archival material. Keywords: Petrine era, education, reforms, modernization, elite | 1958 | |||||
| 3081 | Bryukhantseva I.V. .. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 1999. Issue 1 (10). P. 20-24 . | 1957 | |||||
| 3082 | In the article education as a branch of national economy and its regional features are reviewed. This forms the basis for determining the specific character of the regional eco¬nomic interest in this sphere. | 1957 | |||||
| 3083 | Shustova E.N. .. Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 2000. Issue 6 (22). P. 43-47 . | 1957 | |||||
| 3084 | The author of the article makes an attempt to prove that the true characters of Zabolotsky's poem are nei¬ther elements of nature, nor Gods of the antique Panthe¬on, but two great poets of the XIX and XX centuries Fjodor Tjutchev and Velimir Khlebnikov and co-opposing paradigms of their poetical languages. | 1957 | |||||
| 3085 | In the article the authour informs about the experience of the XX–th century literature faculty and world art culture of Tomsk State University. The authour draws conclusions and makes suggestions. | 1957 | |||||
| 3086 | The paper outlines the typological significance of syncretism, which reflects, in the synchronic plain, the on-going change in the inter-level relations in the system of German, and manifests the shift of the language type. | 1957 | |||||
| 3087 | The article “Development of creative abilities of specialists as one of the necessary conditions of modern teacher training” considers the problem of development of creative abilities of Philology Faculty students. Experience in training of TSPU specialists allows to state the fact that dialog-based organization of practical lessons with the usage of technology of elective courses planning contributes to the formation of creativity. | 1957 | |||||
| 3088 | The article devotes to phenomenon of Fool in Christ. Author investigates it from philosophical point of view and defines Fool in Christ as a Person of reverse perspective, using icon-painting language of Florensky’s work «Return perspective». Also author analyses metaphors another investigators of phenomenon for defining Fool in Christ like «antibehaviour» (B. Uspenskiy) «antiworld» (D. Lihachev and A. Panchenko) | 1957 | |||||
| 3089 | The article deals with the complex problem of the use of public resources in law education. The problem is analyzed with the account of law and economic culture, correlating with the notion “education”. Developed and tested qualitive criteria of law education effectiveness and their correlation with quantitive data are given in the article. Keywords: law education, social adaptability, law and education correlation | 1957 | |||||
| 3090 | Innovational direction in teaching foreign communication supposes denying the reproductive stage in development of ability and priority of productive speech what demands from the students individual programs, independent communicative steps; all this results in original, creative, free speech connected with personally important information. Keywords: technologies of teaching foreign communication, the productive and original non-prepared speech | 1957 | |||||
| 3091 | The article considers the motivations and attitudes of students to physical exercises of physical culture, the methodological basis for optimizing of physical education and the possibilities of person-centered training of students on the subject of physical culture. Keywords: motivation, optimization of physical education, student-centered learning | 1957 | |||||
| 3092 | The problems of studying of various phenomena of a human being in the conditions of sudden change of environment are studied in the article. The results of empirical research on special features of personal sensual orientations are represented. The necessity of studying values of a person in closed environment is determined. Keywords: sensual orientation, psychological environment, closed environment, person’s outlook | 1957 | |||||
| 3093 | The article regards economists’ professional linguistic competence development. Some pedagogical conditions of using adaptive model as a way to develop above mentioned competence are highlighted. Keywords: professional linguistic competence, adaptive model, competence-based approach, context-based approach, project study. | 1957 | |||||
| 3094 | The category of deviation is expressed by some broad-meaning words with the root devia-. The semantics of the above-mentioned words may be made more specific by analyzing their contextual correlations with lingual units representing the concepts which are included in the field of deviation. These concepts form the hierarchical structure of the category of deviation, hyper-hyponym relations underlying this structure. Keywords: deviation, category, semantics, concept, lexeme, word-combination, phrase | 1957 | |||||
| 3095 | This article deals with the structural character of “Man” concept organization, which is a part of a hyper concept “Human” represented by a system of three main levels: higher, basic, lower. The suggested organizational structure of “Human” concept enables to build links between all elements of all three levels, thus making possible to evaluate the degree of masculinity presence expressed by the lexical unit used in regard to any male sex subject. We also study the problem of inconsistency of rigid classification of lexical means of expression of masculinity that consists in unstable borders within masculine behaviour scoring system and constant development of society. Keywords: masculinity, structural organization, concept, hyper concept, hierarchy, problem of evaluation stability | 1957 | |||||
| 3096 | The article presents the results of the special pedagogical study developing upon totals of more general studies in the field of reasons of the transformation of philosophical images of science. The author clears up features of method of formation of the image of science appearing under the influence of existentialist criticism of scientific discourse. It was offered some arguments of the author’s variant of the teaching the relations between scientism and anti-scientism within the framework of course of philosophy. That variant is supported by the competency-based approach to training of students in the direction “Pedagogical education”. Keywords: existentialism, transformation of philosophical image of science, method of formation of the image of science, scientific discourse, scientism, anti-scientism | 1957 | |||||
| 3097 | The article raises questions of content and methodological foundations of economic analysis; it considers different points of view of scientists on this issue. An own view of information support the transition to innovative development of Russia with the help of system analysis in business economy and the external environment, which includes elements of economic research analysis. Keywords: economic analysis, financial analysis, management analysis, differentiation, integration | 1957 | |||||
| 3098 | Proceeding from the fact of congruence of the morphological form of the city and the type of technology, the article discusses the basis of isomorphism of urban and technological systems. The main thesis is the assertion that every type of city is characterised by a certain way of life, by the type of technology used, and by everyday life things. The article gives a distinction of three types of things: the pre-industrial thing, the industrial thing, and the virtual thing – the image. Keywords: project images, thing, image, city, technology | 1957 | |||||
| 3099 | This article deals with the automation of activities of Tomsk State Pedagogical University (TSPU). A review of the information systems developed and implemented in different departments at TSPU is conducted, including describing the information systems implemented in the research and development department, the editorial offices of scientific journals, the office of admissions, the document control center, and the department of student affairs. Basic information flows between the automated systems are described, and interfaces of their interactions are analyzed. The introduction of innovations in the University management system on the basis of modern information technologies is one of the most promising approaches, which will allow us to create advantages in today’s highly competitive educational environment. On the basis of the analysis performed, the main directions of activities for technical services and laboratories on the perfection and complex completion of the University’s information systems are revealed with the purpose of their further integration. Actual problems in the field of applying information technologies in the information systems of the University and ways to solve them are considered, as well as the directions for future work of the Institute of Applied Informatics are outlined. Keywords: automation control systems, document automation, data exchange interfaces, information system | 1957 | |||||
| 3100 | The article presents the analysis of the major factors and conditions providing the neoindustrial growth of economy in Russia. The authors conclude that the main factor influencing neoindustrialization is the inclusion of Russia in the global trends described on the basis of the concept “technoscience”. The condition for neoindustrialization serves the expansion of borders of network community the elements of which are already available in Russia and in its regions and within which economical and strictly scientific activity will be able to come to full agreement. Keywords: neoindustrialization, technoscience, society of knowledge, global trends, social and cultural modernization | 1957 | |||||