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# | Article | Downloads | |||||
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4201 | . | 970 | |||||
4202 | A row of useful functions of contamination distribution in soil has been described. The mathematical properties of these functions has been investigated. The practical importance of proposed functions has been shown. The model for fixation of contamination on the particle has been proposed. Different cases of heterogeneous, homogeneous and intermediate fixation of contamination on a particle has been considered and correspondent formulas of contamination distribution in a soil has been given. | 970 | |||||
4203 | The analysis of the current condition of the mar¬ket of house-public economy is represented in the work. A high monopolization of the producers of elect¬rical energy, hot water, services of litter utilization, doing one a turn of warmth supply, repair of the ha¬bitable fund is marked. It is underlined that, without demonopolization of subjects of the market of HPE, owners of the house will have to pay all the payments for the services. According to the theory of management and chan¬ges, the main directions and changes are substantia¬ted, the union of lodgers into association of owners of house is the determining part among them. The pro¬posal of creation of the center of assistance to the union of lodgers at the level of municipality is sub¬stantiated. | 970 | |||||
4204 | The article investigates the contents and mechanism of rational combination of public and collective interests in the sphere of science-innovation activity. | 970 | |||||
4205 | The author sums up his experience and illustrates the research material, which enables to provide professional training in the organization, to evaluate the efficiency and results of education. The author suggests a set in in the form of block-scheme of sub process "Training and education of personnel", diagnostic methods and assessment of education effect and also practical recommendations for improving of economic output from education. | 970 | |||||
4206 | The urgent questions connected to organization of profile training at 10-11 classes of common school are considered. The system concept of natural science education for classes of a humanitarian structure basing on psychology - didactic approach in training is offered | 970 | |||||
4207 | - | 970 | |||||
4208 | Innovation designing technology have been applied into usage of engineers and vocational education pedagogues training. The leading activity category of this technology was inventive activity. Special developed technology may be used for inventive activity education. Successfulness of the student inventive activity is based on the heuristic technology. The developed technology experimental research results are resumed in this article. | 970 | |||||
4209 | The article points to the system of toponyms (words of toponymy place-name study) in individual vocabulary of an ordinary speaker, who represents a traditional Siberian village dialect. Structure and sources of forming toponymy vocabulary of an individual dialect speaker are examined. | 970 | |||||
4210 | In the present paper some algebraic sums including the binomial coefficients and leading to some new representation of the Stirling numbers of the second kind are investigated | 970 | |||||
4211 | . Keywords: . | 970 | |||||
4212 | The article discribes the process of the establishment of professional pedagogical education in Western Siberia at the end of the 19th at the beginning of the 20th century and the solution of the problem of village teachers training through the expansion of the network of Teachers' Semenaries Keywords: West Siberian educational district, Teachers 'Seminary, pedagogical education | 970 | |||||
4213 | The article is devoted to the diachronic study of verbal vocabulary based on the example of the complex analysis of verbal units, which compose the group of the verbs of move horizontally in the contemporary English. The general meaning of the article is the classification of the verbs of move horizontally as the fundamental criterion of the isolation of semantic subgroups and the historic-etymological analysis of the lexical units of this subgroup in the system of historical evolution. Keywords: etymological characteristic, semantic characteristic, genesis, etymology, the semantic structure of the word, the verbs of move horizontally, gipersema, hyperonym, movement, giposema, a synonymic number, linguistic indicators, a comparative-historical met | 970 | |||||
4214 | The article reveals the necessity and the content of the innovative-educational designing in the higher school. The algorithm of actions of the innovative-educational process’s subjects is given. The technology of innovation’s designing in the higher school is described. Keywords: innovation activity of institute of high education, pedagogical monitoring, innovations | 970 | |||||
4215 | The article contains a semantic description of the mental activity predicates group and analyses of their meaning in the aspect of the norm. Semantics of the norm in this group of words is studied in connection with prefixes недо- and пере-, expressing the meaning of un-achievement or exceeding the norm in verbs semantic. Keywords: norm, estimation, mental activity predicates | 970 | |||||
4216 | The article contains a description of motivational stage as a pedagogically motivated process in development of students’ abilities to generate own texts on associative basis. Keywords: text generating activity, motivation, text generating abilities of language person, method of pedagogical diagnostics, verbal associations | 970 | |||||
4217 | The article regards issues of building competences of a specialist with higher technical education majoring in physics (professional field 011200 “Physics”, specialisation “Condensed state physics”). Problems of forming competences and their solutions are considered for all stages of training for the bachelor’s and master’s degrees. The work presents examples of structuring lecture material and the scheme of models succession and links between separate units within the course of physics, as well as some ideas for assessing the university graduates’ competences. Keywords: syllabus, competence, competence building | 970 | |||||
4218 | The article describes the methodological approaches used in the theoretical justifi cation for networking of educational institutions. Keywords: methodology, systems, dialectical, historical, comprehensive, competency approaches | 970 | |||||
4219 | The analysis of formation of special competencies of the future teacher is presented in this article. The author’s technique of formation of special professional competencies of the future teacher (law teacher) is described. It is done in the frame of the task’s technique with the use of information and communications technology. Keywords: professional qualifi cations, special competencies of the future teacher, author’s technique of formation of special competencies of the future teacher | 970 | |||||
4220 | In the article the essence of concepts “speech creative activity”, “model speech creative activity development” has been analysed, as well as it presents the structural and functional components of the methodical model speech creative activity development of schoolchildren. Keywords: speech creative activity, model speech creative activity, structural and functional components of the methodical model | 970 | |||||
4221 | The article deals with the peculiar properties of the hierarchical system of comparison, including the specific functions of its components. The structure and semantics of comparative syntagmatic correlations as a means of fulfilling the above-mentioned functions have been analysed. Keywords: hierarchical system, general comparison, particular comparison, degrees of comparison, syntagmatic correlations | 970 | |||||
4222 | The special features of professionally oriented foreign teaching to read of technical students in the context of the competency approach are described in the article. The key components of communicative competence that allow making the process of foreign language teaching more efficient under the technical university are observed. Keywords: competence, approach, professionally oriented foreign reading, teaching | 970 | |||||
4223 | The implementation of the competence approach in secondary vocational education involves determining the type of the future expert, identification and formulation of the list of competencies, which one should have. We used the functional analysis of the professional expert. Keywords: secondary vocational education, competence approach, educational standards | 970 | |||||
4224 | The article analyzes the problem of formation of the conceptual foundations of modern teacher certification; the regional models of the teachers’ certification in the transition to general education are described. Keywords: certification, Federal State Educational Standard, historical and pedagogical analysis of the problems of the teachers’ certification in Russia | 970 | |||||
4225 | At Tomsk State Pedagogical University the third year operates the center for physics, mathematics and science Education. The main activities of the centre are connected with the complementary education of students and teachers. The article considers the forms of participation of students in the activities of the centre and the importance of this interaction for the formation of competence of future teachers. Keywords: training of students of pedagogical university, building professional experience, students’ work with schoolchildren, formation of pedagogical skills | 970 | |||||
4226 | Question of the reception of the ideas of enlightened absolutism A. N. Radisheva is one of the most discussed among domestic researchers. Opinions on the issue can be divided into two groups. The first is that Radishchev was negatively disposed to the theory, the second believe that the writer was kind of hoping for the possibility of the existence of an enlightened monarch. The work is the study of attitudes of the Soviet researchers on the question of the relationship of the writer to the idea of enlightened monarch, as reflected in the notes to the word “samoderzhaviye” in the translated book by the French philosopher G. Mably “Reflections on Greek history or the reasons of the prosperity and misfortunes of the Greeks” and his major work “Journey from Petersburg to Moscow”. As a result of the study with the involvement of writer’s texts it was concluded that the greatest validity has the opinion on the commitment of Radishchev to the theory of enlightened absolutism. Keywords: A. N. Radishchev, G. Mable, the theory of enlightened absolutism, the Soviet historiography, perception | 970 | |||||
4227 | The paper presents the results of involvement of future mathematics and physics teachers in independent scientific research activity in conditions of realization of competence approach. In the case of such approach the competence is a general capability which is checked and created in activities. It is based on knowledge and allows the person to establish connection between the system of actions for successful problem solution. During the educational process, the formation of elements of competencies at implementation of curriculum is carried out by means of maintenance of the studied subject. The course of the differential equations has great opportunities for forming of professional competencies of future teachers of mathematics and physics, however the existing education guidance, according to the theory of differential equations, are obviously not oriented to form the competencies. Besides modern development of technology, chemistry, biology, ecology, geography, economics and other sciences is impossible without the use of differential equations. The solutions of Clairaut-type equations with a special right-hand part found in the paper are a new result in the theory of partial differential equations. In turn the organization of independent scientific research in the framework of the course of differential equations promotes the main goal of professional competencies of future mathematics and physics teachers, namely forming the professional competencies being ready to use theoretical and practical knowledge in science and education. Keywords: differential equations, professional competencies | 970 | |||||
4228 | This paper analyses the problem of improving the methods of teaching and learning programming in university and school. The authors justify the need for new methods and forms of education related to the teamwork of students, multimedia content, and other virtual spaces. The article analyzes the programming of teaching practice in leading foreign universities and proposes the main ways of improving the teaching of programming in Russian schools. The article provides an overview of the educational content of the Internet, which allows us to state that the most wide spread spectrum of creative approaches to teaching programming, as well as high efficiency of teaching are the United States and European universities. Many of the leading Western universities successfully collect and develop methods from other regions of the world: Russia, USA, China, India, Asia and Africa. The authors analyze their own experience in teaching programming and suggest starting the transformation of traditional approaches to teaching programming and methods of teaching computer science in pedagogical universities, hoping that progressive teaching practices from teachers’ universities will spread to the school. Keywords: programming, teaching methods, project activity, teamwork, interactive technologies, Internet platform, teacher training, robotics, mobile applications, algorithm, program, electronic educational resource | 970 | |||||
4229 | The article reveals the picture of the word as a musical image, that contains imaginative and aesthetic categories of musical perception of the audience, as well as the complicated training of the musician. Such components deal with understanding, perception and reproduction of artistic intention in vocal. Performing art of a singer is one of the most exciting directions in music, since it allows to unite instrumental and vocal sounding simultaneously, creating an original artistic vision of a piece. Therefore, there is a number of factors considerably affecting the perception of a vocal-instrumental piece by a listener including the level of one’s singing and the harmony of a piece which are most tightly connected with psychological approaches to creation of an artistic image of a performer who is acting as mediator between listeners and a musical work. At the same time, during the primary stages of training at children’s art schools, the formal approaches to creation of an artistic image are prevailing, thus creating a stereotypical manner not contributing to unique features of an artist, making creation of high quality artistic image an impossible task. Hence, based on focused research, a new set of methods for creation of an artist image in vocal-instrumental piece for students of children’s art schools was suggested. The efficiency of approved pedagogical methods is proved and is related to understanding of the word picture core by young generation musicians and the ability to reproduce this. Keywords: artistic image, vocal piece, variety performance, children’s art school | 970 | |||||
4230 | Introduction. The article is devoted to the problem of the lack of textual solutions that meet the emotional needs of modern students in school visual space. Texts in the educational space of schools are a flexible, multifunctional tool with which one can not only make the school more attractive, but also is able to conduct dialogue with students and their families. This dialogue is aimed to form loyalty to the rules of interaction between the individual and society, norms of environmental behavior and disposition of their resources, respect for other people; subjective position in educational activity. Materials and methods. The materials of the study were photos and videos of visual environment elements of modern Russian schools. The main method used in the process of researching text-based solutions in the space of educational institutions is qualitative and quantitative analysis. In some cases, the subject of analysis was not only images, but also texts. The article proposes a classification of visual solutions used in the school space (8 types of texts) and describes the method of group interviews as a tool for studying school visual solutions. Fixation and attribution of school texts was carried out in collaboration with students - teenagers. Results and discussion. The study reveals the content, style and authorship of interior design elements in modern Russian school. The article substantiates the possibility of using the process of creating “school texts” for the development of “flexible skills” of students. The modern visual environment of the Russian school is largely focused on the “preservation” of the traditional school structure, which provides a formalized perception of the school as a place where “educational activities are organized”, and the life and development of a person’s personality does not occur. Conclusion. To develop and implement these solutions, it makes sense to combine the efforts of specialists in the field of design, pedagogy, ergonomic psychology, philology and linguistics. The results of the study indicate a shortage of professional solutions in the design of modern school space. The article suggests ways to overcome these deficits in the framework of interaction between participants in the educational process. Keywords: visual text solutions, text design, school space design, educational environment | 970 | |||||
4231 | Sannikova L. V. . // Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 1997. Issue 3 (3). P. 8-9 . | 969 | |||||
4232 | Milevskiy O. A. . // Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 1997. Issue 3 (3). P. 37-44 . | 969 | |||||
4233 | . | 969 | |||||
4234 | The article researches a happiness phenomenon from Aristotel ideas. It consists of successful and kind sensible activity of human soul. Happiness matter understanding depends on interpreting of human life sense and purpose. Happiness sensation and its realizing are different parts of human mental activity. Spiritual culture helps man In his comprehension of happiness matter. | 969 | |||||
4235 | In the article the process of formation of the genre model of an aesthetic manifest – fragment in V.A. Zhukovsky’s works of the 1810s and A.S. Pushkin’s of the first half of the1820-s is investigated. The material for supervision was poetic-aesthetic Zhukovsky’s manifests and letters, and Pushkin’s letters of the period of the southern reference. The prospect of full realization of the genre form of the fragment opens in late Pushkin’s works of the 1830-s and Zhukovsky’s of the 1840-s, in the poetic and prosaic works with a genre subtitle «Fragment». | 969 | |||||
4236 | The purpose of the article is to estimate advantages end disadvantages of selected ways of influence on economic development in Russia. The choice of well-balanced budget as the purposive orienting point demands a very accurate estimation, in spite of the evidence of the question. It is demented to reason how this policy of centralization of sources in the budget and providing its inefficiency is acceptable for deciding the problems of doubly the gross product and reducing the pace of inflation. | 969 | |||||
4237 | The article analyses the staff of few complement schools in Tomsk region and forecasts demands in forming pedagogical managing commands in such educational establishmens Keywords: the staff of few complement schools, prognosis of demands, pedagogical managing commands | 969 | |||||
4238 | Biomorphological spectra in pseudo tundra phytocoenoses are analysed at the article. It is shown that the ecotopic differentiation of phytocoenoses in extreme conditions is reflected in the composition of life forms, which have a significant functional loading in extreme conditions. Keywords: vegetation, life forms, synmorfology, pseudotundra, high mountains | 969 | |||||
4239 | The eld of a rotating inclined magnetic dipole is studied. One rst integral of motion and some particular solutions of equations of motion for a charged particle in this eld are found. The effective potential energy of a charge is studied. It is shown that the effective potential energy in the corotating reference system has six stationary points, which correspond to circular motion of a charge. Keywords: magnetic dipole, electromagnetic eld, inclined rotator, charge, equations of motion | 969 | |||||
4240 | In the context of the modernization process in Germany the author deals with the change of social behaviour, including family relations. For this interpretation there was selected the scene of the Martin Luther’s marriage, who was the leader of the Reformation. Transformation of gender attitudes searched using polydiscipline analysis. Conclusion is about the forming of a new identity at the Early Modern Times. Keywords: polydiscipline analysis, modernization, identity, gender, Martin Luther | 969 | |||||
4241 | The genesis of person and the profession interaction is considered, where there are three systems: professional selection, professional self-determination and professional orientation. The article suggests he understanding of professional orientology as the discipline that integrates the given systems and provides scientific understanding of person and profession interaction. Keywords: the person and profession, the systems of interaction, scientific understanding of interaction in the frames of professional orientology | 969 | |||||
4242 | The article describes the activity of the Tomsk pioneer headquarters. It was a children’s self-governed organization, which was founded in 1969 by a prominent young pioneer leader and teacher Oleg Pirozhkov. The headquarters lasted till 1989 and achieved considerable success in training of young pioneer activists, who were able to overcome excessive formalities of “official” children’s movement. The headquarters also produced a great number of educational structures, which left their mark in the history of Tomsk society. Activist’s headquarters, formed of self-organization that were innovative to the Soviet period, were not aimed at ideological education of young people, now there is the reason why their practices are of great interest to the students, postgraduates, professors, scholars, young pioneer leaders, specialists in youth policy, teachers and the reading public. Keywords: Tomsk pioneer headquarters, Oleg Pirozhkov, history of pedagogy, out-of-school pedagogy, extratraining education | 969 | |||||
4243 | The relevance of studying the problem of the oil factor in the policy of the Soviet state is due to the exceptional value of oil strategy of the state during the Soviet period. The study of this phenomenon is presented by the fragmented historical periods, that does not allow to see the continuity of the state policy in relation to oil, the similarity was performed with the help of state tasks. The purpose of this study is to analyze the priorities of the state approaches to oil and its changing role in the implementation, the state solved problems. Among the objectives set by the author is identification of the main factors influencing the strategic approaches to oil. The author comes to the conclusion that the oil factor in the policy of the Soviet state held an especially significant place, the oil was mainly the export of energy resource and the means to achieve geopolitical goals. The main provisions of the state policy, formulated in terms of electrification with respect to oil, remained virtually unchanged during the entire Soviet period. The evidence of this is the prevalence of export of oil products before 1958, and crude oil since 1958. There was also noted the period of reducing the proportion of oilexport in the total exports of the USSR: the decline was seen in the period from 1929 to 1934, and continued until the end of the reign of I. V. Stalin. The highest value of oil exports in the state strategy was in the 1920s. and since the end of the 1950s. In the second half of the XX century oil was in the center of economic competition between the two political systems. Throughout the Soviet period, oil is an important tool for solving problems of strategic importance both within the country and outside it. Changes in approaches to the problems of oil were determined mostly by the foreign policy factors. Keywords: politics, state, petroleum products, oil, extraction, oil export | 969 | |||||
4244 | The article puts forward a model of studying a n artistic image in national poetic linguoculture. The model comprises three levels: сharacter-contextual, linguopoetic and conceptual. Each of the levels offers research into different layers of the image. The first level aims at describing character repertoire of the image, the second level focuses on its linguostylistic characteristics and the third level provides research into its conceptual content. Application of the model contributes to understanding of a literary image as a complex phenomenon – a projection of three semiotic systems: poetics, language and culture. Thus, each of the model layers is characterized by its own methods of research. Contextual analysis is a dominant method of research on the first level. At this stage of analysis major focus is given to constructing contextual setting of the image. Thus, the following structure of integrated imagological context is proposed in the article. Names of characters and their second naming varieties constitute its nuclear zone, speech portraits represent its central zone and a peripheral area comprises narrative portraits. Quantitative and linguostylistic analyses dominate on the second level of imagological research. At this stage the analysis is split in two parts: research into lexical specifics of imagological contexts and its stylistic peculiarities. A conceptual analysis is used on the third level of imagological research and it aims at establishing links and means of connecting the image to national culture through a notion of linguocultural concept. Keywords: artistic image, character, imagological contexts, linguostylistics, consept, imagological conceptual space | 969 | |||||
4245 | Every nation in everyday speech besides words and combinations of words use the sustained phrases, a variety of which is paroemia (eg, proverbs, signs). Proverbs are special units and signs of language, the essential elements of human communication. These signs convey specific information, refer to the typical life and mental situations or relationships between these or other objects. The correct and appropriate use of proverbs gives the speech a unique identity and special expressiveness, it gives the opportunity to enhance the learning process. This article explores the role of proverbs in the formation of the communicative competence of students in the classroom as part of the discipline “Language and culture of Mordovian people”. One aspect of the formation of communicative-speech competence is familiarity with the language of one of the Mordovian people – Moksha. With Moksha students learn in the classroom for discipline “Language and culture of Mordovian people”. Therefore, we modulated the different situations of communication, different communication tasks. Proverbs help create a real atmosphere in the class, introduce elements of the game in the learning process. The authors developed the tasks conducive to the formation of a common culture of students, increase the level of linguistic competence and activity of students in the classroom, promoting education of tolerance and love for the native land. Keywords: proverbs, intercultural approach, principle of communicative orientation, verbal and cognitive activity | 969 | |||||
4246 | The article considers the material and technical support service of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army during the fighting near Lake Khasan from July 29 to August 11, 1938, in particular, the chronology of the transport service activities and the problems in organizing the delivery of ammunition, food, engineering materials and other materials necessary for combat operations. The problem of material support of troops is closely examined in the key of the Soviet-Finnish war and the Great Patriotic War. At the same time, little attention is paid to previous conflicts: the conflict on the Chinese Eastern railway, fighting at Lake Khasan and the conflict on the Khalkhin-Gol river, although they had a significant impact on the structure of the material support service. In 1939 the final Field Charter of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army was adopted, in which the main functions of combat and material support services were registered. The purpose of this article is to study the actions of the transport service from various points of view: from the organization of the delivery of ammunition to the organization of roads to the site of the fights. Before the start of the fighting, the only road reached Novo-Kievskoe village (since 1936, Kraskino), but it was also washed away by downpours going in the region at this time of the year. There was no land road from Novo-Kievskoye to Lake Khasan; it was built after the end of the fighting. The organization of material support in the area of Lake Khasan showed the resilience and readiness of Soviet people to resist foreign aggression, but at the same time it revealed significant shortcomings that existed in one form or another until the middle of the Great Patriotic War, which shows that despite the appearance of errors, nobody took proper measures to eliminate them. Keywords: fighting near Lake Khasan, Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army, material support, transport service, Red Banner Far Eastern front | 969 | |||||
4247 | The article is devoted to revealing poorly studied cognitive mechanisms of color naming in Russian and Chinese on the basis of lexicographic and Internet sources, and the national corpus of the Russian and Chinese languages. Derivative secondary colorants denoting tertiary chromatic colors have been analyzed. Cognitive color naming models related to the cognitive macro model “color plant” have been identified. This allows us to conclude that the color picture of the world reflects diverse experience of man’s knowledge of the plant world in all its forms. Ways of replenishing the color naming system of this type have been defined. The color naming systems in the Russian and Chinese languages with respect to the type of cognitive modeling being analyzed are basically the same. The authors have found out universal cognitive color naming models of Russian and Chinese, among which the most productive ones are the models “color flower”, “color fruit of the plant”, which indicates the similarity of thought processes realizing color naming. National features of the color picture of the world are manifested in the presence of specific nominations of color shades in both languages. These nominations reflect cultural characteristics of Russian and Chinese native speakers as well as peculiarities of the color semantics of interlingual equivalents in the languages. Quantitative and qualitative differences of Russian and Chinese derived color lexical units confirm the idea that the color naming is the reflection of the natural and cultural space of the ethnos. Keywords: cognitive modeling, color naming, coloration, Russian, Chinese | 969 | |||||
4248 | Introduction. Taking into account the updating goals and methods of modern education, the relevance of revealing the potential of the digital environment for the implementation of personality-oriented learning is justified. The search for effective methods of pedagogical support of an individualized student’s work in new information conditions is substantiated. Material and methods. The implementation of the objective approach to the organization of students’ independent work in a digital environment is proposed and methodologically justified. As a prerequisite is considered the “culturecongruent” of this approach, i.e. compliance with the level of modern information culture and the educational results demanded by society. The key features of the learning task in the digital space are identified in terms of goal setting, content management, the development of digital tools, interaction with other subjects, taking into account the individual student’s needs and requests, manifested in their information behavior. The concept of “digital microenvironment of the learning task” is introduced and disclosed, embodying the specifics of setting educational tasks and creating situations for their solution in the digital education space. Results and discussion. The results of surveys of university students and teachers are presented and analyzed, which made it possible to identify the real features of pedagogical activity in the digital education space and correlate them with the students’ attitude to the use of various methods of interaction with resources and persons in the digital educational environment. The data confirmed that the majority of teachers do not fully realize the potential of the digital educational environment in the context of modern education priorities and are not sufficiently oriented to students’ information and communication requests. Conclusion. The learning task is considered as a unit, according to which an independent learning and cognitive activity is organized in the digital environment. The design of the “learning tasks of digital microenvironments” provides a wide range of opportunities for organizing a productive, personality-oriented independent student work. The nature of the educational activity in the “digital microenvironment” depends both on the pedagogical methodology and on the educational position and characteristics of the student’s informational behavior. Keywords: digital educational environment, personality-oriented learning, learning task, independent work | 969 | |||||
4249 | Zagrevskaya A. I. . // Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin. 1998. Issue 1 (4). P. 47-48 . | 968 | |||||
4250 | The article is devoted to the problem of rationality as one of theoretical instruments of studying customer behavior, company behavior, resource owners, from classical economics to modern developments. A. Smith's hypothesis of the economic man and the concept of rational behavior and rational expectations in the post-classical economic science are presented. | 968 |